Transcript Document

Search Coverage
Disaster Assessment
Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training:
Tasks P-2025, P-2026, O-2004
Scanner Course #6
Scanner Course #6
Search Coverage
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Definitions
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Search Involves
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Last Known Point
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Critical Information
A newly learned LKP can completely reshape a
search
Possibility Area (Theoretical)
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Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors
Determining the area to be searched
Selecting the search techniques to be used
Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)
The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft
Correct for wind
Probability Area (Statistical)
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Where is the aircraft likely to be
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Determining the Possibility Area
No wind endurance
Flight level winds: 330/20
Aircraft Speed:
100 Kts
Endurance:
2 Hours
Therefore, range of aircraft =
200 miles = radius of circle
LKP
Wind vector
Winds cause circle to be offset
by 40 miles
Maximum possibility area
200 NM
Corrected for wind
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Probability Area
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Based on past searches
CSAD: Canadian
Search Area Definition
77% Probability of Area
(POA) within 10 NM of
intended track
83% POA within 15NM
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Probability Area (cont.)
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Concentration of cases
near LKP and
destination
Slightly more in last half,
especially last quarter
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Narrowing the Probability Area
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Flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA)
Is there an ELT?
Weather information
Last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified
Radar coverage as a limiting factor
Airports along the intended flight track
Aircraft performance
Pilots flying habits
Nature of terrain along the flight track
Position reports — fuel stops, etc.
Reports of sightings
– Other aircraft
– People living along the intended route of flight
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The Balancing Act
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Limited Resources
Choosing Patterns, spacing, altitudes, etc.
Planning Time in Search Area – how much
time does it take to complete a search
assignment?
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Search Priorities
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Areas of bad weather
Low clouds and poor visibility
Areas where weather was not as forecast
High terrain
Areas not covered by radar
Reports of low flying aircraft
Survival factors
Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
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Search Visibility
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Not the same as meteorological visibility
(distance at which large objects can be seen)
Distance at which an object on the ground can
be seen and recognized from an aircraft in
flight. It is always less than meteorological
visibility
Track spacing should never be more than two
times search visibility
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Search Visibility
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Probability Of Detection (POD)
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POD expressed as a “percent” search object
was detected
Four interrelated factors used to calculate
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Track Spacing
Search Visibility
Search Altitude
Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart
“Effectiveness” must also be considered
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Probability of Detection (POD)
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Cumulative POD
Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart
Previous
POD
5-10%
11-20%
21-30%
31-40%
41-50%
51-60%
61-70%
71-80%
80+%
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65
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5-10% 11-20%21-30%31-40%41-50%51-60%61-70%71-80%80+%
POD For This Search
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Disaster Assessment
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Natural and man-made
Examples of CAP services:
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Air and ground SAR services
Air and ground visual and/or video
imaging
Flood boundary determination
Air and ground transportation
Courier flights
Radio communications support
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How Disasters Can
Effect CAP Operations
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Effects of extreme weather
Physical landscape may be so altered as to
make maps obsolete or make navigation
difficult
Damage or destruction of area infrastructure
Effects of biological, chemical or radiological
terrorism (or accidental release)
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Assessment
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Flying damage assessment sorties is not much
different from our SAR search patterns
The big difference is what you look for
Should be asking questions such as:
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What is the geographical extent and severity of the
damage?
Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast?
How has access/egress been affected?
What are the primary and secondary hazards?
Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas?
Have utilities been affected or are they threatened?
Can you see alternatives to problems?
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Assessment
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Some specific things to be looking for are:
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Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams,
levees, pipelines, runways and structures
Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or
landslide
Downed power lines
Ruptured water lines
Motorists in distress or major accidents
Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or
evacuation
Distress signals from survivors
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Assessment
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At each site, besides sketching or highlighting
the extent of the damage and identifying
access and egress routes, you should record:
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Latitude and longitude
Description
Type and extent of damage
Photo number, or time reference for videotape
Status and trends
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Aerial survey of WTC
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Flooding over levee
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Seeping behind levee
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Flooded approach
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Bridge damage
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Tornado
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Tornado
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Tornado leaves slabs
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Close-up of tornado damage
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Wide image of train wreck
Chemical
spill
(hazmat)
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Close image of train wreck
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Close image of train wreck
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Infrared image of train wreck
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Plume from train wreck
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Missing Person Search
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A person is very difficult to spot from the air if
they are not actively trying to be spotted
Lost children and people with diminished
capacity can be especially difficult to spot
from the air; often they will hide from
searchers
Lost people often fight topography; children
under five years frequently travel uphill
Important to know what color clothes they
were wearing (not just the outer clothes) and
their habits
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Person on the Ground
PLAIN SHIRT, 1000 AGL
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Person on the Ground
PLAIN SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the Ground
CAMO SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the Ground
YELLOW SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the Ground
BLUE SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the Ground
ORANGE SHIRT, 500 AGL
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Person on the Ground
SIGNAL MIRROR, 500 AGL