Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and

Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
6
Integumentary System
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1
Light Bulb Question
11/7/12
• What is your integumentary system?
Light Bulb Question
• What is your integumentary system?
• The skin and its various structures make up
the integumentary system.
• We are now in our first system
• We will be doing the osmosis lab tomorrow
• Friday is your quiz on tissues – study your
notes
4
6.1: Introduction
• Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and
performing specialized functions constitutes an organ.
• The skin and its various structures make up the
integumentary system.
5
6.2: Function Skin and Its Tissues
• Main function – Protection – (keratin)
•Composed of several tissue types
• Maintains homeostasis
• Protective covering- prevents microorganism/chemical entry
•Prevents injury by penetration
• Retards water loss (waterproof)
• Regulates body temperature
• Houses sensory receptors
• Contains immune system cells
• Synthesizes chemicals
• Excretes small amounts of wastes
6
How - Homeostasis
• Maintain a constant temperature
– Production of perspiration by sweat glands help
to lower body temperature back to normal
– Or prevents water loss
• Excrete waste materials through
perspiration (minimal of urea & uric acid)
– Salts, water, and other organic materials
– Helps maintain a pH of 5-6
How protection
• Protect the body’s internal living tissues and
organs
• Protect against invasion by infectious
organisms
• Protect the body from dehydration
• Protect the body from ultraviolet radiation
Negative Feedback Mechanism
•
•
•
•
If anything out of homeostasis
The body responds with hormones
With receptors
Brings body back to homeostasis.
How perception of stimuli
• Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain,
heat, and cold
Skin Cells
• Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone
and tooth development
• Some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances
that simulate development of some white blood
cells
12
Skin Cells
• Cutaneous Sensations
•Light touch detection –tactile corpuscles
(Meissner’s)
•Dermal papillae –located
•Fingertips, palms, soles, eyelids, tip of tongue,
•Nipples, clitoris & tip of penis
13
Skin Cells
• Blood Reservoir
•Dermis – houses 10% of body’s blood vessels
•Skin only requires 1-2% of body’s blood
14
Skin Cells
• Immunity
•Langerhan’s cells (macrophages
•Interacts with T-helper cells in immune responses
15
Layers of Skin (3)
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• Epidermis•Dermis
• Subcutaneous layer
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Dense irregular
connective
tissue
•We will be talking
about epidermis last
since it contains much
information
Adipose tissue
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
16
Epidermis
Epidermis
17
Dermis
Dermis
18
Subcutaneous Layer
Subcutaneous Layer
Subcutaneous
Layers of Skin (3)
•Dermis- inner layer: consists of
•Hair follicles( keratinized epithelium)
•Sweat & sebaceous glands (glandular epithlium)
•Dense irregular CT (collagen)
•Smooth muscle tissue
•Nervous tissue – tactile (Meissner’s) &
corpuscles
•Blood vessels
20
Dermis
• Gives the skin flexibility
and strength
• The dermis contains most
of the tissues of the skin
– sweat glands
– oil glands
– pressure receptors (pacinian
corpuscle)
– blood vessels
– hair follicles
dermis
hair follicle
oil gland
pressure
receptors
sweat gland
Dermis
• On average 1.0-2.0mm thick
• Contains dermal papillae
• Binds epidermis to underlying
tissues
• Irregular dense connective tissue
• Smooth Muscle tissues
• Nerve tissues
•
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Epidermis
Dermis
SubcutaneousSubcutaneous
layer
•
•
•s
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
22
Dermis
• There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis:
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Papillary layer
• Thin
• Superficial
• Dermal papillae here
• Reticular layer
• 80% of dermis
• Cleavage, tension or
Langer’s lines are here
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Dermis
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
SubcutaneousSubcutaneous
layer
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
24
Layers of Skin (3)
•
•Subcutaneous layer
• Aka hypodermis
• Distinct layer Beneath dermis
•Insulating layer containing blood vessels
• Some also call it the superficial fascia
• Some consider it not part of the skin
25
Subcutaneous Layer
• Aka hypodermis
• Loose connective
tissue and …
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
Stratum basale
Capillary
• Adipose tissue are
present
• Insulates
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
Dermis
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
SubcutaneousSubcutaneous
layer
Sweat gland
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
• Major blood vessels
present
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
26
27
Light Bulb Question
• What is melanin?
• We will find out today 
• Review of slides 14-20
11/12/12
Epidermis
• Relatively waterproof
• Prevents most bacteria,
viruses, and other foreign
substances from entering
epidermis
the body
– dead skin cells
– oils
– pores
pore
Epidermis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Lacks blood vessels
• Keratinized-
Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Sweat
•Keratin makes cells waterproof and tough
Stratum corneum
Epidermis
• Thickest on palms and
soles (0.8-1.4mm)
• Rests on basement membrane
•Melanocytes provide
melanin
•Melinan is a dark pigment
that absorbs UV rays
•Determines skin color
•Stratified squamous
epithelial- smooth flat
gliding
Stratum basale
Capillary
Dermal papilla
Basement membrane
TTactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle
Dermis
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
Hair follicle
Sweat gland
Subcutaneous
layer
Nerve cell process
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Muscle layer
(a)
Hair shaft
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair follicle
Sebaceous gland
30
(b)
absobs
b: © Victor Eroschenko
Epidermis
There are five (5) layers of the epidermis:
• Stratum corneum - outermost
• Stratum lucidum- translucent layer
• Stratum granulosum – 3-5 layers
• Stratum spinosum – many spiky layer
• Stratum basale – innermost layer
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement
membrane
Dermal papilla
Dermis
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
32
• Five Skin Layers
Five Skin Layers
epidermis
dermis
corneum
lucidum
granulosum spinosum
basale
33
Stratum corneum
• Outermost layer
• Composed of dead epithelial cells filled
with the protein keratin
Stratum lucidum
• Translucent layer
• Separates s. corneum from s granulosum
• Extra layer only in thick skin of soles &
palms
Stratum Granulosum
• Composed of 3-5 layers
• Flattened granular cells
• Filled with keratin granules
Stratum spinosum
• Many layers of spiky cells
• Large nuclei
Stratum basale
•
•
•
•
Innermost layer
Directly above basement membrane
Single row cuboidal epithelial cells
Composed of melanocytes
– Specialized cells produce the pigment melanin
Epidermis
• Heredity and environment determine skin color
•1. Genetic Factors
• 2. Physiological Factors
• Varying amounts of
• Dilation of dermal blood
melanin
vessels
• Varying size of melanin
• Constriction of dermal blood
granules
vessels
• Albinos lack melanin
• Accumulation of carotene
• Jaundice
• 3. Environmental Factors
• Sunlight
• UV light from sunlamps
• X-rays
• Darkens melanin
39
homework
• Questions 1-15 hand-out
Light Bulb Question
11/13/12
• Skin is the largest organ of the body, and it
is part of the integumentary system. What
other accessory organs are part of the
integumentary system?
6.3: Accessory Structures
of the Skin
• Accessory structures of the skin originate from the
epidermis and include:
• Hair follicles
• Nails
• Skin glands
42
homework
• Check homework Questions 1-15 hand-out
6.1 Clinical Application
Tanning and Skin Cancer
Hand out page 175 Hole’s Anatomy
44
Functions
• Nails—Protection
• Hair—Insulation and protection
• Sweat Glands—Homeostasis
• But from what??
– Come up with a list in your notes
Nail Structure
• Nail plate- The part of the fingernail that is the
largest and most exposed
– The part that you paint
• Nail root- The base of the nail where the nail
actually begins to grow
– Located under the skin behind the cuticle
– Rapidly dividing cells live here
– Cells fill with keratin (to make them tough)
Nail Structure
• Lunula- The whitish half moon shape
located at the base of the nail
• Cuticle- The fold of skin that hides the nail
root
– Also the last piece of skin before the lunula
• Nail bed- Located under the nail body
– Filled with blood vessels, giving the nails their
pinkish color
Nail
•
• Five (5) parts:
• Nail plate
• Nail bed
• Lunula
•Cuticle
•Nail Root
Hair Follicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Epidermal cells
• Tube-like depression
• Extends into dermis
• Three (3) parts:
• Hair root
• Hair shaft
• Hair papilla
Hair shaft
Pore
Sebaceous
gland
Arrector pili
muscle
Hair root
(keratinized
cells)
Hair follicle
Eccrine
sweat gland
• Dead epidermal cells
• Melanin
• Arrector pili muscle
Region of
cell division
Hair papilla
DermalDermal
blood
vessels
(a)
49
Hair Structure
• Individual hairs are large columns of dead cells that
have filled with keratin
• Cell growth at the base of the hair follicle causes hair
to grow longer
– Hair gets its color from melanin
• Hair follicles are in close contact with sebaceous
glands
– The oily secretions of these glands help maintain the
condition of each individual hair.
Hair Layers – 3 layers
• Cuticle- Outer most layer the hair’s protective
shield
– Overlapping scales
• Cortex- middle layer - consists of fiber-like cells
that give the hair its strength and elasticity.
– Contains melanin
• Medulla- inner most layer softer keratin cells
interspersed with space
Cortex
6.3 Clinical Application
Hair loss
Page 179 Hole’s Anatomy
53
Sweat Gland Structure
• Coiled, tubular glands in the dermis
– Produce a watery secretion to help control body
temperature
• The moisture on your body evaporates and provides
a cooling effect for the body
– Involuntary
SKIN GLANDS
• 2 kinds
– Sebaceous Glands
– Sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Usually associated with hair
follicles
Sebaceous
gland
Hair follicle
• • Secrete sebum (oil)
• Absent on palms and soles
Hair
Function:- Sebum keeps
skin & hair soft, pliable &
virtually waterproof
© Per H. Kjeldsen
56
Sweat Glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Aka sudoriferous glands
• Widespread in skin
Hair shaft
• Originates in deeper dermis
or hypodermis
• 2 TYPES
• 1. MEROCRIN
• 2. APROCRINE
•
Pore
Dermal
papilla
Sebaceous
gland
Duct
Hair
follicle
Eccrine
sweat
gland
Apocrine
sweat
gland
57
Sweat Glands
• 1. MEROCRINE GLAND
– Structure
• Coil in deep dermis, duct in dermis & pore @ surface
– Characteristics
•
•
•
•
Response to elevated temps
No odor
Not associated with hair follicls
Found in forehead, neck & back
– Secretion
• Water, salts, wastes
Sweat Glands
• 2. APROCRINE
GLAND
– Structure
• Ducts terminate in hair follicle
– Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Response to stress/emotions
Has odor
Associated with hair follicles
Found in armpits/groin –
Begins at puberty & continues through life
– Secretion
• Sweat, oil & cellular debris
Sweat Glands
• 2. APROCRINE
GLAND
– Modified Aprocrine Glands
• 1.
Ceruminous gland – in external ear
– Secretion
» Earwax
• 2.
Mammary Gland- in breasts
– Secretion
» milk
6.3 Clinical Application
Acne
61
video
• Suntan Now: skin cancer later
• In my back room
• 362.196 or 616.5
Light Bulb Question
11/3/11
• What rule is applied for adult burns?
• Rule of nines
6.4: Regulation of
Body Temperature
• Regulation of body temperature is vitally important
because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions.
64
Regulation of Body TemperatureNegative feedback
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Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Dermal blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature rises
above normal.
Response
Body heat is
lost to surroundings,
temperature drops toward
normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
65
Heat Production and Loss
• Heat is a product of cellular metabolism
• The most active body cells are the heat producers and
include:
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Cells of certain glands such as the liver
• The primary means of heat loss is radiation
• Also there is conduction, convection and evaporation
66
Problems in Temperature
Regulation
• Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature
• Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature
67
6.4 Clinical Application
Elevated Body Temperature
•1. June morning – a dad is supposed to take his five-month son to
daycare-- When his wife called at lunch to see why Bryan was not
at the sitter’s, dad rushed to car to find that son was still in car seat,
but it was too late. Tragically Bryan had died. Two hours after son
was found, his temperature was still over 1060 F
•2. Sally had a high temperature, but it was more than typical. Her
temperature is 1040F & a sore throat. She had streptococcus
infection
•These two examples show why the body temperature my rise
68
6.4 Clinical Application
Elevated Body Temperature
•The inability of temperature homeostasis to handle an extreme
environment an immune system response to infection.
•In Bryan’s case, his body heat built up faster it could dissapate. His
blood vessels dilated so greatly that after a few hours, his
cardiovascular system collapsed
•Sally– the molecules on the surfaces of the infection stimulate
phagocytes to release a substance called interleukin. Interleukin
goes to the hypothalamus where it raises the temperature. This then
signals skeletal muscles to increase heat production, blood flows to
the skin decreases and sweat glands decrease secretion & the
temperature rises
69
6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns
• Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress.
• Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more
permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues.
• Inflamed skin may become:
• Reddened
• Swollen
• Warm
• Painful
70
Healing of Cuts
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Site of injury
Blood cells
(a)
(b)
Scab
Blood
clot
(c)
(d)
(e)
Scab
Scar
tissue
Scar
tissue
Fibroblasts
71
(f)
(g)
Types of Burns
• First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness
• Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness
• Third degree burn – full-thickness
•Autograft- transplat within the same individual
•Allograft – person to person (cadaviar)
• Xenogeneic - animal to human
Various skin substitutes
73
Rule of Nines for Adults
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
41/2%
Anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
41/2%
Anterior head
and neck 41/2%
Anterior
trunk
18%
Anterior and
posterior upper
extremities
18%
Anterior upper
extremities 9%
41/2%
41/2%
Anterior and
posterior trunk
36%
Posterior head
and neck 41/2%
Posterior
trunk
18%
Posterior upper
extremities 9%
41/2%
41/2%
Perineum 1%
9%
Anterior lower
extremities 18%
9%
9%
Anterior and
posterior lower
extremities
36%
9%
Posterior lower
extremities 18%
74
100%
6.6: Lifespan Changes
• Skin becomes scaly
• Age spots appear
• Epidermis thins
• Dermis becomes reduced
• Loss of fat
• Wrinkling
• Sagging
• Sebaceous glands secrete
less oil
• Melanin production slows
• Hair thins
• Number of hair follicles
decreases
• Nail growth becomes impaired
• Sensory receptors decline
• Body temperature unable to be
controlled
• Diminished ability to activate
Vitamin D
75
homework
• Questions 21-31 hand-out
6.3 Clinical Application
Hair loss
Page 179 Hole’s Anatomy
77