Transcript A Nation Divided 1861-1865

A Nation Divided
1861-1865
This slideshow is part of a differentiated lesson created by
Betsy Brown, Melanie Lewis, Gail Moore
March 2006
Virginia History SOLs USI 1 and USI 9
Years of Conflict
One strategy historians have to help them remember when and how
things happen is to create a timeline. Draw a timeline on your paper.
As you move through this slide show you will have an
opportunity to view video clips. You will know there is a clip when
you see the photo below. Click on the picture to watch the clip.
When you hear a date mentioned write it on your timeline. Write
what happened on the date above it.
Issues of the Civil War
Merry Christmas!
We are seceding from the Union on December 20,
1861, because of the following issues.
Click on the picture to the right to see how the
above became strong issues that divided our
nation.
Causes of the Civil War
Civil
War
Click each link to learn more about this
situation. When your finished click the
flag icon below to return to this page.
Boom!
Secession of the South
Election of 1860
Harpers Ferry Raid
Dred Scott Decision
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Fugitive Slave Law
Compromise of 1850
Missouri Compromise
Westward Expansion
These
were
slave
states
that
sided
Union..
These
states
seceded
before
fall
ofFort
Fort
Sumpter.
These
states
seceded
after
thethe
fall
ofwith
Sumpter.
This
isThese
what
the
US
looked
like
in the
1860.
were
the
Union
States.
California
New Jersey
Connecticut
New York
Delaware
Illinois
Kentucky
Ohio
Maryland
Indiana
Missouri
Oregon
Iowa
Pennsylvania
Kansas
Rhode Island
Maine
Vermont
Massachusetts
West Virginia
Michigan
Virginia,
Minnesota
South Carolina
April 17, 1861
New Hampshire
Wisconsin
secedes, December
Tennessee, North Carolina,
(Western countiesArkansas,
of Virginia
June 8, 1861May 20, 1861
1860to secede from the
that refused
Union)
May
6,
1861
Georgia,
Mississippi,Alabama,
January
19, 1861
Louisiana,
January
11,
1861
January
9,
1861
Texas,
January 26, 1861
,
Florida,
February 1, 1861
January 10, 1861
Click here to learn more about state
What were the major differences between the
and the
__________
industrial
economy
“_____
free states”
agricultural
__________
economy
“_____
slave states”
Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery was the biggest issue dividing the
North from the South. Click the picture to
hear about the Emancipation Proclamation.
What was the purpose of this proclamation?
More Differences
Click on each link below to learn more about the
differences between the North and the South.
Work with a partner to create a Venn Diagram
depicting these differences. Clicking the flags
brings you back to this page.
Union Strategy
Confederate Strategy
Grant
Lee
Names of the War
The war was not called “the Civil
War” until the 1870s, after it was
over. Consider some of the names it
went by. How does each title define
what the North and South were
fighting for? Which side would use
each title? Why? Remember that the
North did not recognize the
constitutional right of the South to
secede, while the people in the South
viewed themselves as a separate
country.
Let’s Play!
On the next slide is a game. You will be given the
name of a person and a brief fact. Try to guess
whether the person was a supporter of the North or
the South. Before playing the game, watch the video
clip to learn the names of some of the major players
in the Civil War and what their role in the war was.
Your teacher may want you to complete a graphic
organizer on these persons.
Biographies of the War
Person
Abraham
Lincoln
Position/Side
Contributions/Beliefs
President during the War
Ulysses S. Grant
General that demanded surrender;
marched through Richmond
Clara Barton
Civil War nurse; founded the
American Red Cross
William Smalls
Frederick
Douglas
Jefferson Davis
black American statesman who was
born a slave
foremost leader of the abolitionist
movement
only president of the Confederate
States of America
Robert E. Lee
Famous General that surrendered the
war
Stonewall
Jackson
famous Confederate General
Battles of the War
It was the most terrible
war in American history.
3 million fought - 600,000 died.
It was the only war fought on American soil
by Americans. Your teacher may have another
graphic organizer for you to complete to help
you recall the battles of the war.
Event
Fort Sumter
Battle of
Manassas
(Bull Run)
Battle of
Antietam
Description
Significance
On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen.
Beauregard, in command of the
provisional Confederate forces at
Charleston, South Carolina, demanded
the surrender of the Union garrison of
Fort Sumter in
Charleston Harbor.
The War begins
The first major battle of the Civil War
was fought in Virginia, near the
Manassas
a great advantage to the
Confederate
GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE'S first
invasion of the North. Not only was this
the first major Civil War engagement on
Northern soil, it was also the bloodiest
single day battle in American history.
It provided Lincoln with the
victory he needed to
announce the abolition of
slavery in the South
Battle of
Vicksburg
Grant’s battle in Vicksburg Tenn.
The final significant battle of the
Civil War
the Confederacy was effectively
Battle of
Gettysburg
The battle in PA when Lee tried to go
North. Confederates started off well
but were defeated.
Click the picture to the turning
Grant in charge; one of many
ongoing attacks against Richmond
from the south; longest northern siege
in War; Battle of the Crater: North
tunneled under and blew up the city.
Confederate capital at Richmond
evacuated at end of battle. South
never won another battle. Even
though the War went on for another
year and a half, it was effectively
over after Petersburg.
Battles of
Petersburg
Click on the picture to hear
Lincoln’s address after
Gettysburg.
split in half.
point of the war
Sherman’s
March
Sherman marched through South
Carolina and Georgia expedition
with the intention of destroying the
military resources of the state.
No other campaign in the entire
war has contributed more to
keeping alive sectional feeling
than Sherman's march through
Georgia and South Carolina
Appomattox
Last battle of the War
General Lee Surrendered to Grant
While watching this clip look for
the factors that led up to the
South’s surrender at
Appomattox.
It is well that war is so terrible – we would
grow too fond of it.
General Lee
The Civil War was a long and bloody conflict that tore the
nation apart. Sectional differences over states’ rights and
the expansion of slavery into new states generated great
hostility between the North and South. The war divided
families, sometimes pitting brother against brother and
father against son. To understand the war, you must
examine it from varying perspectives. On the next slide
you will have several choices of perspectives to choose
from. Click on the one that most interests you and
complete the task that you will be given.
Choose one of the following roles by clicking on the picture.
You will be taken to a task slide.
Civil War Political
Cartoonist
Civil War Actor or Actress
You will be presenting your
product to the class. As a
listener you will have a
graphic organizer to
complete on other
classmates.
References
United Learning (Publisher). (1998). The Civil War
(streaming video). Retrieved from United Learning
at http://www.unitedstreaming.com.
Union Strategy
• Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion.
– Attrition
• Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan
– Links economics and combat
• Blockade and seizure of ports
– Implemented piecemeal and half-heartedly
• Take Richmond
– Thought to be CSA center of gravity.
– Ironworks
– Urgency (3 month enlistments)
• Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.
• Napoleonic tactics.
Confederate Strategy
• Defend and delay until Union gives up.
• Need support/intervention from Europe.
– Emancipation Proclamation made support politically unsupportable.
• Used as a strategic “weapon” by Union?
• Threaten Washington/Keep distance from Richmond.
• Sought decisive battle that would convince the Union it
wasn’t worth it (Gettysburg?).
• Lee favored tactical defense.
– Dug in regiment can tie down a division, allowing the remainder of
forces to maneuver and attack.
Inventions/ Innovations
• Telegraph
– Davis uses to gather forces for Shiloh.
– Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on the battlefield.
• Railway
– Greatly changes logistics and strategic maneuver.
– North had good system; South had acceptable quantity,
but no standardized track width.
Grant
• West Point – Class of 1843
• Mexican War
• Spends first three years in West
– Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga
• 1864 – Command of all Union forces.
• Clausewitzian (even though On War had not been
published)
– Aggressively seek out and defeat the enemy by finding and
destroying his centers of gravity.
– Understood and applied “Total War” concept
• Economics and combat.
Lee
• West Point, Class of 1829
– 2d in class w/ no demerits
• Chief of Engineers during Mexican
War.
– “Very best soldier I ever saw in
the field.” Scott
• Superintendent of West Point in
early 50’s.
• Led Marines at Harper’s Ferry.
• Offered command of Union forces,
but first loyalty was to his state
(Virginia).
– “I could take no part in an
invasion of the Southern states.”
• Started war as advisor to President
Davis.
• Placed in command in June 1862.
• Secrets to success
– Inspired incredible loyalty in
his troops.
– Student of military affairs with
extensive practical experience.
– Knew his opponents.
• Weaknesses
– Apathy about the “Big Picture”
(politics, Western Campaign).
– Lack of clear guidance to
subordinates and reluctance to
give “course corrections” once
battle started.
Western Expansion
After President Thomas Jefferson acquired the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States
doubled in size. This purchase gave the
United States control of the vast lands west of
the Mississippi. As Americans pushed west,
the issue of slavery came to the forefront.
Would the new territories of the United States
Be slave or free?
Missouri Compromise
The first confrontation over slavery in the West occurred in
1819. Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a slave
state. The admission of Missouri would upset the balance of
power in the Senate where at the time there were 11 free states
and 11 slave states. Senator Henry Clay proposed a
compromise. In 1820, he suggested that Missouri enter as a
slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance of
power. Congress also drew an imaginary line across the
Louisiana Purchase at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude.
North of the line would be free states (with the exception of
Missouri), and south of the line would be slave states
Compromise of 1850
In 1850, California applied for admission as a free state. Once again, the
balance of power in the Senate was threatened. The South did not want to
give the North a majority in the Senate. They also feared that more free
states would be carved from the Mexican cession. Once again, Clay, the
“Great Compromiser,” pleaded for compromise. John C. Calhoun, a senator
of South Carolina stated the South would not compromise. He demanded
that slavery be allowed in the western territories and that there be a tough
fugitive-slave law. Daniel Webster of Maine offered a solution to keep the
Union together. The Compromise of 1850 had four parts: 1) California
entered as a free state. 2) The rest of the Mexican cession was divided into
New Mexico and Utah. In each state, voters would decide the issue of
slavery. 3) Slave trade was ended in Washington D.C. 4) A strict new
fugitive-slave law was passed.
Fugitive Slave Law
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was very
controversial. It required that all citizens were
obligated to return runaway slaves. People who
helped slaves escape would be jailed and fined. The
law enraged Northerners because it made them feel a
part of the slave system. Persons involved with the
Underground Railroad worked to subvert the law.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
This novel told of the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved
African American, and his cruel master, Simon Legree. In the
novel, Stowe wrote of the evils and cruelty of slavery. While
it is argued whether the book was a true portrayal of slavery,
the novel still had an enormous influence. The book sold
more than 300,000 copies, was published in many languages,
and was made into a play. It also helped change the way
many Northerners felt about slavery. Slavery was now not
only a political problem but a moral problem.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854, Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to help solve the
problem of slavery in the new Nebraska territory. He
proposed that Nebraska be divided into two territories —
Kansas and Nebraska. The settlers of the new territories
would decide whether they would be slave or free. This
proposal set off a storm of controversy because it effectively
undid the Missouri Compromise. Southerners supported the
act, while Northerners felt it was a betrayal. The Act set off
bitter violence in the Kansas territory. More than 200 people
died over the issue of slavery. The area became known as
Bleeding Kansas. Anti- and pro-slavery forces set up rival
governments. The town of Lawrence was destroyed by proslavery forces. In revenge, John Brown and a small group
killed five pro-slavery supporters in the middle of the night.
Dred Scott Decision
In 1857, the United States Supreme Court made a landmark
ruling in the Dred Scott case. Dred Scott was a slave who
applied for freedom. He claimed that because his master had
taken him to the free territories of Illinois and Wisconsin, he
should be free. The court ruled that because Dred Scott was
not considered a citizen, but property, he could not file a
lawsuit. The Court also ruled that Congress had no power to
decide the issue of slavery in the territories. This meant that
slavery was legal in all the territories and the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional..
Harpers Ferry Raid
In 1859, John Brown and a group of followers organized a
raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, a federal arsenal. Brown
hoped that slaves would come to the arsenal and he would
then lead a massive slave uprising. It was Brown’s belief that
slavery could be ended only through the use of violence.
Brown was unsuccessful, and troops led by Robert E. Lee
killed 10 raiders and captured John Brown. He was found
guilty of murder and treason and sentenced to death. Brown
conducted himself with great composure during his trial.
While many northerners thought his plan to lead a slave
revolt was misguided, they also saw Brown as a hero.
Southerners felt that the North wanted to destroy slavery and
the South along with it.
Election of 1860
In the mid-1850s, people who opposed slavery were looking
for a new voice. Free Soilers, Northern Democrats, and antislavery Whigs formed the Republican Party. Their main goal
was to keep slavery out of the western territories, not to end
slavery in the South. The party grew and was ready in 1856
to challenge the older parties in power. They were not
successful in 1856. In 1860, the Republicans ran Abraham
Lincoln from Illinois. Lincoln was known to oppose slavery
on the basis of its being morally wrong. However, Lincoln
was not willing to end slavery at the risk of tearing the Union
apart.
Secession of the South
The Southerners’ reaction to the election of President Lincoln
was strong. They felt that the country had put an abolitionist
in the White House. The South felt that secession was the
only option. In 1860, South Carolina seceded from (left) the
Union. By February of 1861, Alabama, Florida, Texas,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi had seceded. In 1861,
the seven states held a convention in Montgomery, Alabama,
and formed the Confederate States of America. Jefferson
Davis of Mississippi was named the President. The South felt
they had the right to secede. The Declaration of
Independence stated that “it is the right of the people to alter
or to abolish” a government that denies the rights of its
citizens. Lincoln, they believed, would deny them the right to
own slaves.
Beginning of Civil War
The Southerners’ reaction to the election of President Lincoln
was strong. They felt that the country had put an abolitionist
in the White House. The South felt that secession was the
only option. In 1860, South Carolina seceded from (left) the
Union. By February of 1861, Alabama, Florida, Texas,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi had seceded. In 1861,
the seven states held a convention in Montgomery, Alabama,
and formed the Confederate States of America. Jefferson
Davis of Mississippi was named the President. The South felt
they had the right to secede. The Declaration of
Independence stated that “it is the right of the people to alter
or to abolish” a government that denies the rights of its
citizens. Lincoln, they believed, would deny them the right to
own slaves.
Sectionalism
In the days leading up to the Civil War President
Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying " A house divided
against itself cannot stand." What did he mean by this? In
the years before the Civil War the political power in the
Federal government, centered in Washington, D.C., was
changing. Northern and mid-western states were
becoming more and more powerful as the populations
increased. Southern states lost political power because the
population did not increase as rapidly. As one portion of
the nation grew larger than another, people began to talk
of the nation as sections. This was called sectionalism.
States’ Rights
Just as the original thirteen colonies fought for their
independence almost 100 years earlier, the Southern
states felt a growing need for freedom from the central
Federal authority in Washington. Southerners believed
that state laws carried more weight than Federal laws,
and they should abide by the state regulations first. This
issue was called State's Rights and became a very
warm topic in congress.
Slavery
Another quarrel between the North and South and perhaps the
most emotional one, was over the issue of slavery. America
was an agricultural nation and crops such as cotton were in
demand around the world. Cotton was a plant that grew well
in the southern climate, but it was a difficult plant to gather
and process. Labor in the form of slaves were used on large
plantations to plant and harvest cotton as well as sugar, rice,
and other cash crops. The invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli
Whitney made cotton more profitable for southern growers.
Before this invention, it took one person all day to process
two pounds of cotton by hand, a slow and inefficient method.
Whitney's Cotton Gin machine could process that much
within a half hour. Whitney's invention revolutionized the
cotton industry and Southern planters saw their profits soar as
more and more of them relied on cotton as their main cash
crop. Slaves were a central part of that industry.
Western Expansion
After President Thomas Jefferson acquired the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States
doubled in size. This purchase gave the
United States control of the vast lands west of
the Mississippi. As Americans pushed west,
the issue of slavery came to the forefront.
Would the new territories of the United States
Be slave or free?
Actor/Actress
1.
2.
3.
4.
Use the links on the next slide to access letter and diary
entries from the Civil War. Browse through these letters.
What do these tell you about the cultures and economy of
the North and South?
How did the issues divide the North and South, especially
with regard to the issue of slavery?
Write a script that could be presented to the class. The
script should contain accurate information about the
economy and cultures of the North and South.
Links to Use
• From Revolution to Reconstruction. Biographies.
This site contains data regarding historical persons
related to American History.
• Letters from an Iowa Soldier in the Civil War.
These letters are part of a collection written by
Newton Robert Scott, Private, Company A, of the
36th Infantry, Iowa Volunteers. Most of the letters
were written to Scott’s neighborhood friend
Hannah Cone.
Political Cartoonist
1. Use the links on the next slide to view cartoons f
from the Civil War. Browse through these
cartoons.
2. What do these tell you about the cultures and
economy of the North and South?
3. How did the issues divide the North and South,
especially with regard to the issue of slavery?
4. Draw a cartoon. The cartoon should contain
accurate information about the economy and
cultures of the North and South.
Links to Use
Civil War Cartoons
• http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1997/Wait.html
• http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/SCARTOONS/car1860.html
• http://www.boondocksnet.com/cartoons/mc18.html
• http://www.boondocksnet.com/gallery/cartoons/cw/index_abe.html
• http://gaston.k12.nc.us/schools/highland/Projects/TheCivilWar/Political_
cartoon.htm
Civil War Musician
1. Use the links on the next slide to listen to music
from the Civil War. Browse through these songs.
2. What do these tell you about the cultures and
economy of the North and South?
3. How did the issues divide the North and South,
especially with regard to the issue of slavery?
4. Choose a familiar tune and write an original song
or poem. The tune should contain accurate
information about the economy and cultures of the
North and South.
Links to Use
Civil War Songs
•
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/kids/lyrics/johnny.htm - When Johnny Comes Marching Home
•
http://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/s/w/swinglow.htm - Swing Low Sweet Chariot
•
http://education.ucdavis.edu/NEW/STC/lesson/socstud/railroad/lyrics_follow.htm
•
http://www.nationwide.net/~amaranth/gourd.htm
•
Follow the Drinking Gourd (no music)
•
http://www.tngenweb.org/tncolor/gourd.htm - Follow the Drinking Gourd
•
http://www.songsforteaching.com/folk/followthedrinkinggourd.htm
•
http://www.geocities.com/Nashville/8313/dixielyr2.htm - Dixie
•
http://school.eb.com/lm/worksheet/civil_war.pdf