Transcript Living Psychology by Karen Huffman

Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 6: Learning
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive-Social
Learning
The Biology of Learning
Using Conditioning and
Learning Principles
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Introductory Definitions
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Learning: relatively permanent change in
behavior or mental processes resulting
from practice or experience
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Conditioning: process of learning
associations between environmental
stimuli and behavioral responses
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
•
Classical Conditioning:
learning that occurs
when a neutral
stimulus (NS) becomes
paired (associated)
with an unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) to elicit
a conditioned response
(CR)
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pavlov’s Original Experiment
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning--Key Terms
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Neutral Stimulus (NS):
before conditioning
doesn’t naturally elicit response of interest
Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS): elicits UCR
without previous
conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR): unlearned reaction
to UCS occurring without prior conditioning
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning--Key Terms
(Continued)
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Conditioned Stimulus
(CS): previously NS that,
through repeated pairings
with UCS, now causes a
CR
Conditioned Response
(CR): learned reaction to a
CS occurring because of
previous repeated pairings
with an UCS
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
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It helps you
understand
and enjoy
popular
cartoons!
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning (Continued)
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Conditioned Emotional
Response (CER):
emotional responses
are classically
conditioned to a
previously neutral
stimulus (NS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John B. Watson
Watson and Rayner Created a Conditioned
Emotional Response (CER)--Fear of Rats
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning’s Basic
Principles
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Stimulus
Generalization:
learned response
to stimuli that are
similar to the
original conditioned
stimuli (CS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
ALL
Snakes
bite!
Classical Conditioning’s Basic
Principles (Continued)
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Stimulus
Discrimination:
learned response
to a specific
stimulus, but not to
other, similar
stimuli
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Now I know
that some
snakes are
nice!
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Extinction: gradual
weakening or suppression
of a previously conditioned
response (CR)
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Spontaneous Recovery:
reappearance of a
previously extinguished
conditioned response (CR)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Higher-Order Conditioning:
neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned
stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with
a previously conditioned stimulus (CS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Classical Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued) Higher-Order Conditioning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1.
2.
Using Pavlov’s classic experiment with the
salivating dog, can you label the NS, UCS,
UCR, CS, and CR?
Compare and contrast stimulus
generalization and stimulus discrimination?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning
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Operant
Conditioning:
learning in which
voluntary
responses are
controlled by their
consequences
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning (Continued)
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Thorndike’s Contribution
•
Law of Effect: probability
of an action being
repeated is strengthened
when followed by a
pleasant or satisfying
consequence
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning (Continued)
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B. F. Skinner
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic
Principles
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Reinforcement:
strengthening a
response
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic
Principles (Continued)
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Primary Reinforcers:
normally satisfy an
unlearned biological
need (e.g., food)
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Secondary Reinforcers:
learned value (e.g.,
money, praise)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Positive
Reinforcement:
adding (or presenting)
a stimulus, which
strengthens a
response and makes it
more likely to recur
(e.g., praise)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Negative Reinforcement:
taking away (or
removing) a stimulus,
which strengthens a
response and makes it
more likely to recur (e.g.,
headache removed after
taking an aspirin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles:
Four Partial Schedules of Reinforcement
1. Fixed Ratio (FR): reinforcement occurs
after a predetermined set of responses;
the ratio (number or amount) is fixed
2. Variable Ratio (VR): reinforcement
occurs unpredictably; the ratio (number
or amount) varies
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles:
Four Partial Schedules (Continued)
3. Fixed Interval (FI): reinforcement occurs
after a predetermined time has elapsed;
the interval (time) is fixed
4. Variable Interval (VI): reinforcement
occurs unpredictably; the interval (time)
varies
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles:
Four Partial Schedules (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
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If you want to
increase the overall
number of
responses, which
schedule of
reinforcement should
you choose?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Shaping:
reinforcement is
delivered after
successive
approximations of the
desired response
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Punishment:
weakening a
response
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
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Positive Punishment:
adding (or presenting)
a stimulus that
weakens a response
and makes it less
likely to recur (e.g.,
shouting)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles
(Continued)
•
Negative Punishment:
taking away (or
removing) a stimulus
that weakens a
response and makes
it less likely to recur
(e.g., restriction)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review

Using the chart on the following slide,
can you fill in the blanks with the
appropriate terms?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
???
???
???
???
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Side Effects of Punishment
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Judging by this woman’s
expression, is she
experiencing increased
aggression, passive
aggressiveness, avoidance
behavior, modeling,
temporary suppression, or
learned helplessness?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive-Social Learning
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Cognitive-Social
Theory:
emphasizes thinking
and social learning in
behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive-Social Learning (Continued)
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Kohler’s chimps
demonstrated
insight learning
(sudden
understanding of a
problem that implies
the solution).
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive-Social Learning (Continued)
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Tolman’s rats built a cognitive map
(a mental image of a three-dimensional
space). They also displayed latent
learning (hidden
learning that exists
without behavioral
signs).
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive-Social Learning (Continued)
Bandura's Famous
Bobo Doll study
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Observational
Learning: learning
new behaviors or
information by
watching others
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
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Note the increasing bicep circumference of these
G.I. Joe action figures. Are young boys affected by
this type of modeling and observational learning?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Cognitive-Social Learning (Continued)
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Observational Learning
involves four processes:
1.
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Reinforcement
2.
3.
4.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The Biology of Learning:
Neuroscience and Learning
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Learning leads to new
synaptic connections and
alterations in many brain
structures.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The Biology of Learning: Evolution
and Learning
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Classical Conditioning
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Taste Aversion: classically conditioned negative
associations of food with illness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The Biology of Learning: Evolution and
Learning (Continued)
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Biological Preparedness: built-in (innate)
readiness to form associations between
certain stimuli and responses
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Instinctive Drift: conditioned responses
shift (or drift) back toward innate
response pattern
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Using Conditioning and Learning
Principles
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Classical Conditioning
can be seen in:
•
Marketing
Prejudice
Medical Treatments
Phobias
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Using Conditioning and Learning
Principles (Continued)
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Operant
Conditioning
can be seen in:
•
Prejudice
Biofeedback
Superstitions
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•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Using Conditioning and Learning
Principles (Continued)

Cognitive-Social
Theory
can be seen in:
•
Prejudice
Media Influences
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of
Chapter 6: Learning
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)