Transcript Ancient Greece - Class Notes For Mr. Pantano

Ancient
Greece
Workbook Homework for Unit 3
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p70 #1, 2, 3 & 5
p74-75 #1, 3 & 4
pp78-79 #1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
pp 82-83 #1, 2, 4, 5, 6 & 7
pp 86-87 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 9
pp 90-91 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6
pp 94-95 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 7
• The tall flat hill is called the Acropolis
• Located in Athens
• Used for defence and worship
Parthenon
 It is a temple located on top of the Acropolis.
 Dedicated to the goddess Athena.
 It was where Athenians would pray to Athena.
Inside the Parthenon
Peoples of Ancient Greece
Minoans
 Created the first settlement in Europe.
 Lived on the island of Crete between
1,950-1,400 BC.
 Were sea traders
Mycenaeans
• Controlled mainland of Greece around 1300 BC
• Used bronze tools & weapons
• Conquered by the Dorians around 1100 BC
Mask of beaten gold accompanied the
dead Mycenaean king to his grave
Dorians
• War-like group
• From Asia Minor (Turkey) in
1100 BC.
• Used iron tools & weapons
• Invaded Greece & enslaved
much of the population.
• Sparta & Corinth were 2
major cities during this
period.
Hellenes (ancestors of modern Greeks)
 Replaced the Dorians and spread throughout Greece.
 Very advanced society created and mastered the use
of tools.
Environment
 Mountainous (little flat land)
 Made up of the main land as well as
almost 2000 islands
 Very hot, dry summers & mild, wet winters
 Soil is dry & rocky (makes farming very
difficult)
Diet
 Ate fish and other types of
seafood.
 Had 2 staple crops: Olives and
Grapes (grew well in rocky, dry
soil)
 Goats & Sheep were sources of
meat & milk (cheese)
Farms (mostly sustainable)
 Most farms were small & produced enough food
for one family.
 Crops produced:
a) Grains (barley and sesame seeds)
b) Fruit (figs & pomegranates)
c) Vegetables (onions and cabbage)
 Surplus crops were sold or traded for other
products.
 Some crops were exported to other parts of Greece,
Persia & Asia Minor (Turkey).
What did the Greeks use the
seas for?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Transportation
Trade
Protection and Military
Food
Expansion and
Spread culture
The Pnyx
• Located in Athens
• It is where Athenians came to voice their opinions on
political issues.
• Many people would come to watch their fellow citizens
speak.
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=5lZBJ8HZLd
A
City-States
 Greece was made up of small city-states.
 City-state: A major city and the surrounding areas.
 A city-state ruled itself & had its own government.
 They were separated by mountains or by the sea.
• Every “citizen” had a say in government. This is
called democracy.
• Sometimes the city-states fought each other (i.e.
Athens & Sparta)
• City-states had many things in common:
a) language
b) religion
c) military techniques
d) Olympics
Types of Government
Monarchy
(despot)
• One person rules.
• The position was
hereditary and for life.
• Despots had supreme
authority over their
subjects. (unlimited
power).
Oligarchy
• It is rule by a few.
• Most city-states were ruled by a few aristocratic
families (wealthy, influential families).
Tyranny/Dictators
• Government was once more
under the control of one powerful
dictator ( a ruler who is above the
law).
• Many tyrants governed well and
improved conditions for the
people.
• Others treated their people badly.
Many artisans and merchants wanted more power.
To overcome the power of the monarch or an oligarchy,
these groups would support a leader who seized power
illegally.
The Greeks called these rulers tyrants.
Anarchy (means without a ruler in Greek)
•Sometimes, after one ruler or group had been
overthrown, no-one at all ruled for a while.
Totalitarianism
• The ruler is an absolute
dictator.
• He and his government has
complete and unrestricted
(unlimited) power.
Joseph Stalin
(1878 – 1953), was
the de facto leader
of the Soviet Union
from the mid1920s until his
death in 1953.
Democracy
 One person in charge, but elected by all citizens.
 Citizens have the right to vote, campaign, protest,
and debate issues.
Democratic Governments
1. Direct Democracy:
 A government in which all citizens can vote on any
particular issue.
 The problem with direct democracy was that it was
very inconvenient for men to always be going to the
meeting-place to vote.
 Most men had work to do and could not always
vote.
 Most democracies sooner or later ended up choosing
a few men who would do most of the voting, and the
rest only came when there was a really important
vote.
 It was hard to decide how to choose these few men.
2. Representative Democracy
 In Canada, we elect people to represent us in Parliament
(Ottawa) or the National Assembly(Quebec City).
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=fcpariMjLlg
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=P3uXXus9X
8I
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=yFLnrGmDiuc
Different types of Government
Type of political regime
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny/dictatorship
Democracy
Number of people
involved in making
important decisions
Disadvantages of the
system
Before Democracy was
Established in Ancient Greece
1. Athens was
first ruled by
kings; it was
a monarchy
2. Athens was
controlled by rich,
landowning Athenian
families; it was an
oligarchy
3. A man assumed
power by force; it
was tyranny
Solon’s Laws (6th Century BC)
• A rich Athenian man was asked to
improve the political system
(reform it!)
• He wanted people to be treated
fairly and equally.
• He suggested laws that favored the
poor peasants.
• His laws also put the city’s welfare
(health or happiness; well-being)
above that of the rich owners.
Cleisthenes (507 BC)
• He was a politician who put an
end to tyranny.
• He introduced democracy – using
Solon’s laws.
• His laws favored the poor
peasants.
• His laws also put the city’s welfare
above that of the rich owners.
ATHENS
Democracy is born!
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1.
2.
3.
4.
The first democratic government was established in
Athens (5th century BC).
Only citizens could participate in politics.
To be considered a citizen one must:
Be male
Be 18 years old
Completed military training
Both parents were Athenian
Who could vote in Ancient
Athens?
Athenian
Citizens (men)
Athenian
women and
children
Foreigners
Slaves
10%
Could Vote
Could
Not Vote
Excluded from voting:
• Athenian women and children
• Foreigners
• Slaves
Athenian Democracy
 Athenian society was small enough to have direct
democracy.
 It means that every citizen could participate in
government.
Different governing bodies of Athens
10 generals (strategoi)
• Elected by the assembly
• Led the army and navy
• Ran the government
Board of magistrates
• Supervised the running of the city-state
• Selected by lot
Council of 500 (Boule)
• Supervised and administered the day-to-day
operations of the city-state
• 500 out of 5000 candidates were selected by lot (a
random choice)
Assembly
• All Athenian citizens had a right to speak and vote in
•
•
•
•
the Assembly (Approx. 40 000).
Passed laws
Declared war
Could change the constitution
Constitution is the way in which the state is run.
Comparing Canada’s system of democratic
government with the system used in Athens in
the 5th century BCE.
CONSIDERATION APPLIES?
All men and women over 18 years
old can vote
Only male citizens can vote
Foreigners not allowed to vote
All citizens can speak and vote in
the assembly for only one year
People allowed to serve in a
position for only one year
Political parties with leaders
Athens 5th century BCE
Canada today
AGORA
• Most city-states had an agora.
• It was used as a public meeting place for Athenian
citizens.
• Merchants used this place to sell goods.
Life in Athens
The Greek home was considered private
space.
Activities such as raising and educating children
were kept inside the home.
Women were responsible for:
a) running the home
b) educating children
c) managing servants
Women rarely left the home.
• Ancient Greek homes were usually 1 floor and had a
courtyard where the family would gather together.
• Due to the hot climate most houses had few windows and
were painted white, to keep it cool.
• Public spaces like the agora were reserved for men who did
most of the shopping.
• Wealthy women could leave the home if they were
accompanied by a male servant.
 Educating Athenian boys was
important.
 They began learning how to
read, write, and do math at
the age of 7.
 After the age of 14, boys
learned philosophy and trained
in Olympic style events.
 At 18, boys were expected to
join the military and stay for 2
years.
SPARTA
Sparta’s three classes - groups (1000
BC):
Spartans:
• Citizens who behaved like
overlords.
• Overlord refers to a
powerful lord, who has
power over many people
and/or power over other
lords.
Perioeci:
• Free individuals.
• They were artisans and
merchants from conquered
territories who worked for
Sparta.
• They were free to trade but had
no political rights.
Helots:
• Serfs were farm workers who did all the hard work.
• They were owned by the state (government)
• They were slaves except that they could not be bought
and sold or moved from the land they worked.
• They had no political rights.
Sparta’s structure of government
(oligarchy)
2 Kings:
•Elected for life and led the army
5 Ephors (overseers):
• Ran everyday operations, made laws, and wrote the
constitution (all the laws in a country).
• Elected annually.
• Presided over the Senate and Assembly.
The Senate:
• It was composed of 28 nobles elected for life by the
Assembly.
• It advised the kings & prepared laws for the Assembly.
Assembly:
•It was composed of warriors – free male citizens over 30
years old.
•The members of the assembly could not discuss or propose
new laws.
•They could only approve or disapprove .
•There was no voting
•Those who shouted the loudest won.
Military training
• Military training was important.
• Boys trained for war from the age of 7 and served in the
army until 30.
• They had strong bodies, endured hunger and pain
without complaining, encouraged to be cunning and
steal food without getting caught.
Athens
Type of
Government
Education
Did they have
slaves?
Train for Olympics?
At what age did
military training
start?
At what age could
men leave the
army?
Direct Democracy
Sparta
Oligarchy
High importance Low importance
Yes
Yes
Yes (called
Helots)
No
18
7
20
30
The Oracle of
Delphi
 It is both a place and a person.
 The Greeks appointed a
priestess to communicate
with the Gods.
 Believed that Delphi was the
center of the world.
 The Oracle would make
predictions, answer
questions, and help leaders
make decisions.
Religion
 Greeks were
Polytheistic - they
believed in more than
one God.
 Religion was a huge part
of their culture.
 Every city in Greece had
many temples.
 Each city-state had a god
or goddess that they
favored (ex. Athens
favored Athena)
• They believed that their gods and goddesses
were immortal (live forever).
• Gods/goddesses were depicted in human form.
 They performed rituals to please the Gods.
 Rituals were:
a) animal sacrifices
b) competitions (Olympics)
c) building temples and statues.
https://maps.google.c
a/maps?output=classi
c&dg=brw
The Olympians
 These are the Gods that the Ancient Greeks
worshiped. There are 12 in total.
 They are called the Olympians because the
ancient Greeks believed they lived on Mount.
Olympus.
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=eJCm8W5R
Zes
Pantheon of Greek
Gods and Goddesses
Note: Many Gods reign over more then 1 area. For our
classes only remember the ones from the slides
Hercules
• Is known as a hero (not a God).
• Son of Zeus, but his mother is a human,
Alcmene.
• He is given incredible strength.
Achilles
• He was a Greek hero of the Trojan
War.
• Legends states that Achilles was
invulnerable in all of his body except
for his heel.
• He would die of a small wound on
his heel.
• The term Achilles’ heel has come to
mean a person's principal weakness.
The Colossus of Rhodes
• It is one of the seven wonders of the
ancient world.
• It stood 150ft tall and weighed 225 tons
• It was made out of solid bronze.
• It is a statue of Helios the patron God of
Rhodes.
• It was built to commemorate the
victoryinofanthe Rhodians over the
destroyed
Macedonians.
earthquake
in 226 BC
Warfare
• City states and foreign empires would fight
over land, wealth, and power.
• Wars would usually last for long periods of
time. Sometimes over ten years!
What did Greek soldiers look like?
• They were free men
• No slaves allowed
• Provided their own
armour and weapons
• Known as Hoplites.
Armour & Weapons
 Weapons used:
a) long thrusting spear with a butt spike
b) short sword
 Armour consisted of a large round shield,
breastplate, helmet, and greaves (shin guards).
 It is important to note that different cities had different
variations of weapons and armour, but all hoplites had
what was mentioned above.
• Hoplites wore the Corinthian helmet.
• The feathers on top were used to intimidate
and deflect arrows and throwing spears.
• The most important is the Sarissa spear
used by the Macedonians and Alexander the
Great.
Hoplite Tactics
 Fought in what is known as the
Phalanx.
 Shields interlocked forming a wall of
armor.
 Hoplites ran in this formation and crash into
the enemy or the opposing phalanx.
 Fought in formation until one side retreated.
Famous Battles and
Campaigns
Battle of Marathon
• Athens vs. Persian empire, 490 BCE
• Athenian victory
Aftermath:
Casualties for the Battle of Marathon are generally listed as 203
Greek dead and 6,400 for the Persians. As with most battles from
this period, these numbers are suspect. Defeated, the Persians
withdrew back to Asia. The Battle of Marathon was the first major
victory for the Greeks over the Persians and gave them confidence
that they could be defeated. Ten years later the Persians returned
and won a victory at Thermopylae before being defeated by the
Greeks at Salamis.
The Battle of Marathon also gave rise to the legend that the
Athenian herald Pheidippides ran from the battlefield to Athens to
announce the Greek victory before dropping dead. This legendary
run is the basis for the modern track and field event. Herodotus
contradicts this legend and states that Pheidippides ran from
Athens to Sparta to seek aid before the battle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae
 Sparta vs. Persian empire, 480 BCE
 Sparta makes a stand at the pass of Thermopylae with
only 300 soldiers.
 Persian victory
Peloponnesian War
• Athens vs. Sparta, 431-404 BCE
• Athens built walls to keep the Spartans out
• Spartan victory
Campaigns of Alexander the
Great
• Alexander the Great was the ruler of
Macedonia.
• His campaigns lasted from 336 BCE until
his death in 323 BCE.
• He conquered Asia Minor, Persia, and
made his way into India.
Ancient Greek Architecture
• Large Greek structures were traditionally made
out of limestone.
• Workers would drag and lift the large blocks into
place using ropes and pulleys.
• Temples were typically the largest structures in
the Greek city states.
• Temples had 4 major components; inner
temple, columns, frieze, and pediment.
Why is Greek Architecture so
important?
• It is a style of architecture that is seen in many
cities around the world.
• It is a style that is still used in the design of modern
buildings.
The Olympics
 The date of the first competition is
unknown.
 Experts believe that the ancient games
started 776 BCE and ended in 393 AD.
 The games were a tribute to Zeus, and
were held near his temple in the city of
Olympia.
 It was considered a great honour to
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Athletes could compete in 7 major
events.
Boxing
Riding (horses)
Chariot Racing
Pankration (like today’s ultimate fighting)
Pentathlon: discus, javelin, long jump,
running, and wrestling
Running
Wrestling
• The Olympics that we know today started in
1896 by Pierre de Coubertin.
• Today’s games consist of 35 individual and
team sports, and nearly 400 events.
What have the Ancient Greeks
Given us?
1. Democracy
2. Olympics
3. Architecture
4. Philosophy
Can you think of any others?