Transcript ECE 310

ECE 333
Renewable Energy Systems
Lecture 1:Introduction
Prof. Tom Overbye
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
[email protected]
ECE 333 Teaching Staff
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Professor Tom Overbye
TA Shamina Hossain
Office hours are as given in the syllabus
Hourly exams will be in-class; final exam is as per
the university schedule
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About Prof. Tom Overbye
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Professional
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Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University
of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)
Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility
(Madison Gas & Electric)
Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing
research in the area of electric power systems; fifth time
teaching ECE 333
Developed commercial power system analysis package,
known now as PowerWorld Simulator.
DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout
Elected to National Academy of Engineering in 2013
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About Prof. Tom Overbye
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Nonprofessional
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Married to Jo
Have three children
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Tim age 20
Hannah age 17
Amanda age 15
Live in country by Homer on
the Salt Fork River
We’ve homeschooled our kids
all the way through, with Tim
now starting his fourth semester
at UIUC in mechanical eng.
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My Kids
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About Shamina
Yellowstone visit
during roadtrip to WA
B.S.E.E. ‘12
M.S.E.E. ‘14
IL Half
Marathon!
Professional:
• Undergrad: Washington State University
• Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2012)
– Working on power systems research with
Prof. Overbye
Non-professional:
Fiancé
• Loves cooking and all things food
• Hobbies include reading, running,
and…researching (had to go with the ‘r’
theme!)
• Drove from IL to WA last summer and back
• Engaged and getting married this summer!
Currently reading
Food
Green Electric Energy Systems
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Focus of course is on electric energy sources that
are sustainable (won’t diminish over time)
excluding large-scale hydro
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Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the
sources
These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed
Courses does not cover nuclear
Course does not cover biological resources (at least not
in-depth)
Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly
be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well.
Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210
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With Energy, What Do We Want?
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To feel green?
To use less energy?
To have a higher standard of living?
To decrease our carbon dioxide
emissions now? In the future?
To have more renewable energy?
To have less expensive energy?
To have jobs?
To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”
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Engineers Have Long Been “Green”
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With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve
increased efficiencies by about a factor of 1000.
From 0.05 lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an
incandescent bulb, to > 130 for an LED.
Source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/cmsinn/talks/3_kung.pdf
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ECE 333 Syllabus
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Introduction, fundamentals of electric power
Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation
Wind Power Systems
Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow
The Solar Resource
Photovoltaic Materials and Systems
Smart Grid Integration Issues
Distributed Generation Technologies (e.g., fuel cells)
Economics of Distributed Resources
Energy Storage including Electric/Hybrid Cars
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Notation - Power
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Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW –
1 x 103 Watt
MW –
1 x 106 Watt
GW –
1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300
MW
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Notation - Energy
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Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is
what people really want from a power system
Energy Units
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Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
Btu
= 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu
One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one
gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)
U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600
billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)
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North America Interconnections
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Electric Systems in Energy Context
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Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we
first need to put them in the context of the total
energy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually
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converted into another form of energy when used
Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for
change in world energy infrastructure
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Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie:
Where the USA Got Its Energy
About 82% Fossil Fuels About 40% of our energy is
Biomass, 4.7
Wind, 1.6
Hydro, 2.6
Nuclear, 8.5
Petroleum, 36
Natural Gas,
27.4
Coal, 18.5
consumed in the form of
electricity, a percentage
that is gradually increasing.
The vast majority on the nonfossil fuel energy is electric!
In 2013 we got about 1.6% of
our energy from wind and 0.3%
from solar (PV and solar thermal),
0.2% from geothermal
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion
kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014
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Historical and Projected US
Energy Consumption
Energy
in
Quads
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014
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Renewable Energy Consumption
2013 Data
(Quad)
Total: 9.3
Hydro: 2.6
Wood: 2.1
Bio: 2.0
Wind: 1.6
Waste: 0.5
Solar: 0.3
Geo: 0.2
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014
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Growth in US Wind Power Capacity
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014
The quick
development
time for wind
of 6 months
to a year
means that
changes in
federal tax
incentives
can have
an almost
immediate
impact on
construction
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The World
Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges
for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012
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The World: Top Energy Users (in
Quad), 2013 Data
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China – 110.6
USA – 95.0
Europe – 81.4
Russia – 31.5
India – 23.9
Japan – 20.3
Africa – 17.3
Canada – 13.3
Brazil – 12.0
World total was about 529 Quad
in 2012; Average per 100
Million people is about 7. If
world used US average
total consumption would be
about 2150 quad!
Source: US DOE EIA
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Per Capita Energy Consumption in
MBtu per Year (2011 data)
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Iceland: 688.3
Kuwait: 577.2
USA:
312.7
Russia: 213.3
Japan:
164.0
UK:
134.5
China:
77.5
Indonesia: 25.6
Pakistan: 14.2
Malawi:
1.9
Norway:
Canada:
Australia:
France:
Germany:
S. Africa:
Brazil:
India:
Nigeria:
Chad:
Source http://www.eia.doe.gov
386.8
393.7
276.9
165.9
165.4
115.3
60.1
19.7
5.0
0.3
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World Population Trends
Country
Japan
Germany
Indonesia
USA
China
India
World
2005
127.5
82.4
220.2
295.7
1306
1094
6474
2015
126.9
80.8
256.0
321.3
1361
1251
7253
2025
123.3
79.2
276.7
351.3
1394
1396
7986
%
-3.3
-3.9
25.6
18.8
6.7
27.6
23.3
Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in
millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025
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USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions
are Down to mid 1990’s levels
Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low
natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased
natural gas generation and less coal generation.
Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013
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Worldwide CO2 Emissions
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Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from
23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012
Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010
(billion metric tons)
Country
2000
2012
USA
5861
5270
China
2850
8547
India
1002
1831
Russia
1499
1781
Japan
1201
1259
Europe
4459
4263
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Global Warming: What is Known is
CO2 in Air is Rising
Value
was about
280 ppm
in 1800,
399 in 2014
Rate of
increase
is about
2 ppm
per year
Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
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As is Worldwide Temperature
(at Least Over Last 150 Years
Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 months
of 2014 is about 0.558 (about tied for highest)
Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk
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Local conditions don’t necessarily say
much about the global climate
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/map-blended-mntp/201409-201411.gif
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Annual Temperatures for Illinois
Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate-change/iltren-temp.png
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But more controversy associated
with longer temperature trends
Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea
(located in North Atlantic)
Europe
was clearly
warmer
in 1000AD;
worldwide
temperatures
are more
debated
Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007
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Going Back a Few More Years
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png
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And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold!
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png
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Millions and Tens of Millions
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And Where Might Temps Go?
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html#Temperature
Note that
the models
show rate of
increase values
of between
0.2 to 0.5 C
per decade.
The rate from
1975 to 2005
was about
0.2 C per
decade.
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Energy Economics
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Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff
between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating
costs
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Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs
(though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently)
Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
Coal, wind, hydro are in between
Also the units capacity factor is important to
determining ultimate cost of electricity
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