Transcript Rice Storage Systems - Home

Rice Storage Systems
Joe Rickman and Martin Gummert,
Agricultural Engineering,
International Rice Research Institute, Philippines
Outline of today
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Discussion on storage
Fill hermetic storage system
Evaluate a seed store
Determine density of different products
Make small seed store
Take grain samples and analysis for insects
Discuss pest management in storage
Set up some seed germination tests
Seal grain ready for fumigation
Rice production
• World – 589 million tons
• Asia - 534 million tons
• Bag storage - 500 million tons
(Total world cereal and pulse production
2,075 million tons)
Present situation
Between 25-50% of the total grain value
(quantity+quality)is lost between harvest
and consumption in developing countries
Quantity Losses in Cambodia
(88 on farm studies)
Post-harvest
stage
Mean
(%)
Range
(%)
Cutting
3.0
2.2 – 3.8
Transportation
3.6
2.0 – 5.2
Threshing
1.6
1.0 – 2.2
Drying
2.0
1.0 – 2.0
Storage
10.7
3.5 – 18.0
Milling
TOTAL
14.7
35.6
7.5 – 22.0
17.2 - 53.2
Reasons for post harvest losses
1. Poor product coming into storage
2. Poor storage management
3. Poor quality paddy + poor milling
techniques
What is required of a good
storage system
• Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after
drying
• Protection from insects, rodents and birds
• Ease of loading and unloading.
• Efficient use of space
• Ease of maintenance and management.
Present on farm storage situation
in Asia
Traditional Bag Storage
(Indonesia)
Granary (Laos)
Woven Basket ( Cambodia)
Clay Pots (Bangladesh)
Concrete Bin (Bhutan)
Steel Bins (Bhutan)
Bag storage (Philippines)
Equilibrium Moisture Content (%)
Equilibrium Moisture Content
(Philippines)
17
16.5
16
15.5
15
14.5
14
13.5
13
12.5
Months
Summarizing existing on farm
storage situation
• Grain is stored in open systems in bags or open
granaries
• Grain is exposed to insect,rodent and bird attacks
• High equilibrium moisture content >14.0
• Grain is not always protected from rain
Farmers Present Practices
1. Sell excess immediately after harvest
(indebted or poor storage)
2. Dry grain to 10-11% before storage
3. Take grain out and re-dry during storage
period
4. Store seed in “sealed” containers
Present commercial storage
situation in Asia
Commercial bag storage system
• Open to atmosphere
– moisture uptake,
– pest problems
• Store in batches
• Clear headways and
walkways
• Relatively easy to fumigate
Commercial Bulk Storage
• Not popular in Asia
• Efficient use of space
• Easy to control pests?sealed for fumigation
• Less problems with rodents
and birds
Commercial hermetic system
• Grain stored in bags
• Protected against moisture
uptake and insects
• Rat and pig damage?
• Use as harvest management
aid
• Need O2 monitoring
• Big potential in Tropical
areas
• 5-300 metric tons
Sealed Systems tested by IRRI
Parameters evaluated
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In store atmosphere (02)
Grain moisture content
Seed germination
Insects
Grain quality
Farmer uptake
Storage atmosphere (0xygen level)
O2 (%)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Claypot
200 l
drum
25 l
drum
0
20
40
Days
60
80
100
Storage atmosphere after opening
Oxygen concentration (%)
24
18
12
6
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
Storage time (days)
180
210
240
270
Storage atmosphere
Plastic pouches (3kg)
25
Oxygen Content (%)
20
15
Normal plastic
Vacuum pouch
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
Days
50
60
70
80
Moisture levels in stored grain
15
% Moisture content
14
13
control
12
Hermetic
11
cooled
10
9
0
10
20
30
Storage period (weeks)
40
50
Live Insect Counts
(Insects/ kg)
Months
Open
Storage
Hermetic
(5 ton)
Hermetic
(small)
Cold
room
Air
conditioner
(bags)
0
3.2
8.8
7.4
8.4
8.4
3
234
0
1.4
0
1.6
6
114
0.4
1.6
0
3.0
9
54.4
0.4
1.2
0
3.4
12
27.2
2.2
1.2
0
9.0
Germination: certified seed
% germination (at 10 days)
100.0
90.0
Hermetic
control
Cooled
80.0
Chilled
70.0
0
10
20
30
Storage period (weeks)
40
50
On farm Storage Bangladesh
(7 months)
100
80
Traditional
60
Germination (%)
Hermetic
40
20
0
Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer
1
2
3
4
5
Head Rice Yields
(whole kernel)
Head rice yield (%)
45
Hermetic
Open Storage
40
35
30
25
20
0
3
6
Months of storage
9
12
Grain Whiteness Index
54
52
Whiteness index
50
48
46
44
Start
3 months
42
6 months
15 months
18 months
40
Open
Hermetic
A/C
Storage treatment
Cold Room
Summary of results
Hermetic storage:
 Works for 3kg “plastic bags” – 50ton
Cubes
 Reduces insects activity (1/kg)
 Constant grain moisture content
 Increases the life of seed from 6 months
to 12 months
 Maintains milling quality,
 Protects grain from birds and rodents?
 NEXT STEP
Adoption by farmers
Problem
• Farmers will not share a larger storage system
• Farmers will not invest in large storage systems
• Needs to fit into existing system
Solution- Turn 50kg bag into a
hermetic system
Characteristics needed of a
storage bag
• Capacity 0.08 cubic
meter (50kg)
• Low O2 permeability
• Low water vapor
permeability
• High puncture strength
• High tensile strength
• Cost $ US 1/bag
“Plastic” Liner bag
• Fits into existing
system
• Reusable if not
punctured
• Easily sealed
• Use for all grain
crops
• Reasonable cost
Storage at IRRI
Seed
• Air conditioned room
Grain
• Hermetic storage
(longer than 1 month)
• Open pallets (less than
1 month)
50kg woven plastic bags
Storage Hygiene
• Keep storage areas clean.
• Clean storage rooms after they are emptied
• Placing rat-traps and barriers in drying and storage
areas. Cats deter and help control rats and mice
• Inspect storage room regularly to keep it vermin
proof.
• Inspect the stored seeds once a week for signs of
insect infestation.
The End
•
PPTW - Storage activities
• Determine density of paddy, husk, milled rice, bran
• Evaluate seed storage systems at IRRI
• Load and sealing 5 t hermetic storage system
(2 groups)
• Make small seed storage system (1 per group)
• Sample seed store and set up germination test
• Sample stored grain and identify insects
• Seal grain storage system ready for fumigation
Evaluating a seed store
Store 1
Grain Protection
Moisture content
Insects
Rodents
Birds
In store Hygiene
Storage above
floor (pallets)
Clearways (0.5m)
Batch storing
Clean
Management strategies
Store cleaning
after season
Bags cleaned,
dipped
Fumigation
options
Store 2
Store 3