Transcript THE BREAK-UP YUGOSLAVIA

3-04-13
You will need laptops
Today’s Class Objectives:
1. Describe the issue of human rights identified with the
breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
2. Using your knowledge of the EU, hypothesize the potential
for future admittance of the nations of the Balkan area.
Yugoslavia UNTIL the fall of the U.S.S.R. in 1989
Satellite Nations?
U.S.S.R.
East Germany
Poland
YUGOSLAVIA:
Serbia *Belgrade
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Montenegro
Serbia
Macedonia
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
Leader of Yugoslavia
Josip Broz
Tito
[1944-1980]
Sarajevo: A Once Olympic Site
The BREAK-UP of
YUGOSLAVIA
Major ethnic groups:
Serbian – mainly Eastern Orthodox Christians
Croats - mainly Roman Catholic Christians
Muslims – found throughout the area
Slovene/Catholic 91%
Croat/Catholic 3%
Serb/E Ortho 2%
Croat/Catholic 78%
Serb/E Ortho 12%
Bosnia: 40% of
urban couples
ethnically mixed
Muslims (43.7%)
Croats/Catholic (17.3%)
Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)
Patterns of Ethnic
Settlement
Facilitated the Conflict
and Break-up
Serb/ E Ortho 63%
Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%
Albanian/Muslim 14%
Hungarian/Catholic 4%
66% Macedonian/E Ortho
23% Albanian/Muslim
2% Serb/E Ortho
4% Turk/Muslim
Where would ethnic problems be
strongest after Tito’s death?
Next slide
Back
Back
#2
Key to the conflict
• Solobadan Milosevic
Serbian
E. Orthodox
Able to gain control of Serbia,
after Tito’s death, and then
– Attempted to gain “Serbian”
control over all other ethnic
areas [Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia]
– How?
 by forcing all non Serbs to
flee or be killed.
– When Slovenia and Croatia
declared independence, he used
armed force to stop them, but
was unable.
–
Independent
Of Serbia
Macedonia
What about Bosnia?
Geographically it’s in the middle
Map
• Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic
Sea and for strategic reasons
It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic
society with no majority
• Muslims (43.7%)
• Croats (17.3%)
• Serbs (31.4 %)
The population consisted of large ethnic
groups
• Linked to both Serbia and Croatia
• Serbia and Croatia both wanted these people and
their lands to join their nation - Serbia and Croatiarespectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia
1992 - 1995
BOSNIA
Map
Serbs in Bosnia declare independence, too
Bosnian Serbs
[E. Orthodox]
• declare an independent Serb state and attack
Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital
Who helps the Bosnian Serbs?
• Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing
support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic
cleansing of Bosnia
Which ethnic groups had to go?
Croats & Muslims
• 1000 Serbian shells a day hitting Sarajveo
• 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993
Was this a “human rights” issue?
What organizations SHOULD have
responded to the issue?
The United Nations
….but they did nothing.
Why not?
THEY FAILED TO RESPOND!
Why not?
UN was focused on the first Persian Gulf
War
the US also focused on first Persian Gulf
WEST not prepared to deal with the issue
of the old Yugoslavian “self determination”
VUKOVAR
Multi-ethnic city bordering
Croatia and Serbia: city
reduced from 50,000 to 15,000
BEFORE
THE WARGames
Opening SARAJEVO
of the 1984
Olympic
Bosnian War: 1991-1995
The Sarajevo Shuffle
Market Bombings that
Finally Touch the World
Women and Elderly
Fleeing Srebrenica with
UN watching
What about the men?
Mass Graves Uncovered
Where the Men From
Srebrenica Ended Up
Fall of Gorazde the Last Safe Area
CAMPS at Omarska
At least 200,000 people killed and over
two million displaced.
International Role?
International Role
Three actions the UN could take?
• trade sanctions
• diplomatic [broker talks]
• send in troops
Sept 1991
UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia
Oct 1991
UN Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance)
negotiate a short cease-fire
Feb 1992
Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers)
• assist humanitarian agencies
• assist displaced persons in getting home
Not to stop
Serbia
with armed
Strength!
October
1992-
UN declares no-fly zones for Serbian planes over Bosnia
and send monitors

November

1992
Send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever]
February

May
1993
Establish International Criminal Tribunal
1993
–declare Sarajevo and 5 other areas as “safe areas”
 areas free of armed attacks...
June
1993
–authorize use of force (including air strikes)
IN REPLY to attacks on any “safe area”
Feb.
1994
–NATO authorizes air strikes to deter
attacks on civilians in Sarajevo
April
1994
–Set up a special group to draw up peaceful
settlement

US, UK, Germany, France, Russia
“Dayton Peace Accord”- 1995
Single Bosnia state (one nation)
divided into
[a] Bosnia Croat-Muslim Federation and
[b] Bosnian Serb Republic
joint presidency (one president)
free elections
• How did it END up after elections?
 Bosnian ethnic areas each elect strong
nationalist governments
NATO Implementation FORce (IFOR) to enforce
provisions and ensure elections
War crime tribunal
IRONY OF ETHNIC
CLEANSING
Ethnic cleansing and mass murder
produced ethnically pure territorial
units
• ultimately produces NEATER maps on which
peace settlement could be worked
–
Since the Dayton Accords?
Kosovo
Kosovo
Massacre at Recak
Massacre at Rogove Village
REFUGEES
U.N. has formally
recognizes the
Independence of
• Kosovo
• Montenegro
UN Security Council agree to :
U.N. also:
Took Legal actions
against…
UN Security Council agree to :
Take Legal actions against…
Slobodan Milosevic faced charges of genocide and
"crimes against humanity" for his part in three
separate but closely related wars that tore apart
the former Yugoslavia.
Outcome of legal action
Milosevic was charged with genocide in the 199295 Bosnian war
Milosevic has refused to recognize the legitimacy
of the court and insists on representing himself,
rather than seek the assistance of defense
lawyers.
He was found dead in his cell on March 11, 2006 in
the UN war crimes tribunal's detention centre.
•EU Members
•Prospective
Members
•Non-members?
RECAP:
War: April 1, 1992 – December 14,
1995
Result:
Dayton Accords: Internal
partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
according to the Dayton Accords
Deployment of NATO-led forces to oversee
the peace agreement.
Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak
ethnic group.
At least 200,000 people killed and over
two million displaced.
TASK:
Objectives:
• Compare different perspectives during the Bosnian war.
• Analyze how globalization is also a force of disunity.
• Hypothesize what should be done in future situations like Bosnia.