Transcript World War II and its Aftermath

Chapter 4:
The Human
World
World Population
6.5 Billion
World Population Growth
Growth Rate
 Birth Rate: Births per year, per 1000 people
 Death Rate: Deaths per year, per 1000 people
 Growth Rate = (Birth Rate – Death Rate)
 In the last 200 years
improved medicine
has cause the
Death Rate to drop
drastically
Population Growth
 In the Developed World, Birth & Death Rates are equal
Zero Population Growth, elsewhere growing rapidly
Population Growth: Why?
 Growth Rate is high in Latin America, Africa, parts of Asia
 Traditions of large families, agricultural economies
 Doubling time is 25 years, compared to 300 years in the
developed world
Challenges of Population
Growth: Africa
 Only part of world where food production has not
increased since 1950.
 Warfare & Weather often damage crops
 Rapid population growths strains countries’ resources:
Food, Clothing, Shelter and Clean Water
Challenges of Population
Growth: Worldwide
 Can Food Production keep pace with Population?
 Some Scientists say Yes, some say No.
 Possibilities include new technologies in irrigation,
fertilizers, new varieties of plants
Negative Population Growth
 Death Rate > Birth Rate: Germany & Hungary
 Declining Populations lead to their own problems
 Not enough labor, Guest Workers, Tensions, Protests
Population Distribution
 Populations are not evenly distributed across the Earth
or across individual countries
 Only a portion of the Earth is land, and only part of the land
is actually habitable
Population Movement
 Over the last hundred years people have been moving
from rural areas and into cities
 What is the significance of this movement?
Global Culture
Elements of Culture
 Language
 Religion
 Social Groups
 Government
 Economic Activities
Culture Regions
 Regions with many countries that have traits in common
 History
 Economics
 Language
 Art
 Religion
 Food
 Government
 Etc
Culture Hearths
 Early Centers of Civilization whose ideas spread
Eight Features of Civilization
• Cities
• Organized Central Governments
• Complex Religions
• Job Specialization
Eight Features of Civilization
• Social Classes
• Arts & Architecture
•
Public Works
• Writing
Cultural Diffusion
 Civilizations Make Contact With One Another
 Ideas & Practices Spread Through Trade and Travel
Cultural Change
Three Major Historic Changes
 Agricultural Revolution:
Shift from Hunting-Gathering to Cultivation
 Industrial Revolution:
Factories & Machines to Produce Goods: Cities
 Information Revolution:
Computers – Info Storage – Networks - Linkage
Government
 Two Levels of Government:
 Unitary Systems:
All power in one National Government
 Federal Systems:
Power Shared Between National & States/Provinces
Types of Government
 Autocracy:
Rule by One: Dictatorship, Monarchy, etc
 Oligarchy:
Rule by the Few: Wealthy, Military, etc
 Democracy:
Rule with Consent of Governed
Economics
Economic Systems:
$ Traditional
Economies
$ Command/Planned Economies
$ Market/Capitalist Economies
Natural Resources
Renewable
Non-Renewable
Resource Management
 Immediate Goal: Manage Vital Resources
so that People’s present needs are met
 Long Term Goal: Ensure that the needs of
Future Generations are met
 Replace Fossil Fuels with Renewable Sources
Economic Development
Primary Economic Activities
 Secondary Economic Activities
 Tertiary Economic Activities
 Quaternary Economic Activities
Primary Economic Activities
 Directly taking resources from the Earth
Secondary Economic Activities
 Use Raw Materials to Produce something new & valuable
 These activities can occur close to resource or market
Tertiary Economic Activities
 Do not involve acquiring or remaking natural resources
 These activities provide services to people or businesses
Quaternary Economic Activities
 Concerned with the processing & management of information
 Government, Info Processing, Education, Research
Economic Development
Developed
Countries
Developing
Countries
Manufacturing &
Source of Resources
Industrial Base
Small Scale Agriculture
Large Scale Agriculture
Subsistence Farming
Educated Population Less Educated Population
World Trade
 Countries Export Specialized Products They Produce
 Countries Import Things They Need
Barriers to World Trade
 Tariffs: Taxes on Imports
 Quotas: Limits on number of Items that can be Imported
 Embargo: Banning Trade with a Country
Free Trade
Some Governments favor reducing barriers to trade
World Trade Organization (WTO):
International Organization promoting Free Trade
 European Union (EU):
Worlds largest trading block, common currency (Euro)
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):
USA, Canada and Mexico
People and the Environment
Pollution
 Water Pollution:
Oil spills, fertilizer & pesticide runoff, chemical waste, etc
 Land Pollution:
Chemical waste in topsoil, radioactive waste, etc
 Air Pollution:
Exhaust from fossil fuels, acid rain, etc