Figure 49.2 The Double Bind of Water Breathers

Figure 49.3 Gas Exchange Systems

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills (Part 2)

Figure 49.6 Countercurrent Exchange Is More Efficient

Figure 49.9 Measuring Lung Ventilation

Figure 49.10 The Human Respiratory System (Part 1)

Figure 49.10 The Human Respiratory System (Part 2)

Figure 49.12 Binding of O 2 to Hemoglobin Depends on P O2

Figure 49.12 Binding of O 2 to Hemoglobin Depends on P O2

Figure 49.13 Oxygen-Binding Adaptations

Figure 49.14 Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions

Figure 49.14 Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions (Part 1)

Figure 49.15 Breathing Is Controlled in the Brainstem

Figure 49.16 Carbon Dioxide Affects Breathing Rate

Figure 49.18 Feedback Information Controls Breathing

LE 42-29a

100 80 O 2 unloaded from hemoglobin during normal metabolism 60 40 O 2 reserve that can be unloaded from hemoglobin to tissues with high metabolism 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tissues during exercise Tissues at rest P O 2 (mm Hg) Lungs P O 2 and hemoglobin dissociation at 37 °C and pH 7.4

LE 42-29b

100 80 pH 7.4

60 40 pH 7.2

Bohr shift: additional O lower pH (higher CO 2 2 released from hemoglobin at concentration) 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 P (mm Hg) 2 pH and hemoglobin dissociation 100