Software Engineering Syllabus
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Transcript Software Engineering Syllabus
Chapter 2
Data Manipulation
Yonsei University
1st Semester, 2011 Sanghyun Park
Outline
Computer Architecture
Machine Language
Program Execution
Arithmetic/Logic Instructions
Communicating With Other Devices
Computer Architecture
The central processing unit, or ____ is a main part of the
computer
CPU consists of two parts:
Arithmetic/logic unit: performs data __________
Control unit: __________ the machine’s activities
CPU contains cells, or ________, for temporary storage
of information
For the purpose of transferring bit patterns, a machine’s
CPU and main memory are connected by a collection of
wires called a ____
CPU and Main Memory
Stored Program Concept
Program (instructions) is stored in _______ instead of
being built into the control unit as part of the machine
Adding values stored in memory
Machine Language (1/2)
CPUs are designed to recognize __________ encoded
as bit patterns
This collection of instructions along with the encoding
system is called the machine _________
An instruction expressed in this language is called a
_________ instruction
Machine Language (2/2)
Two philosophies of CPU design:
CPU should be designed to execute a _______ set of machine
instructions: leads to a ______ instruction set computer (_____)
CPU should have the ability to execute a ______ number of
complex instructions: leads to a ________ instruction set
computer (_____)
Machine instructions can be classified as:
Data transfer:
LOAD, STORE, I/O instructions
Arithmetic/Logic: arithmetic/logic operations, SHIFT, ROTATE
Control:
conditional or unconditional JUMP
An illustrative Machine Language (1/3)
The architecture of the machine for the discussion
An illustrative Machine Language (2/3)
The encoded version of a machine instruction consists
of two parts:
_______ (short for operation code) field: indicates which of the
elementary operations is requested by the instruction
____________: provides more detailed information about the
operation specified by the op-code
The entire machine language of the illustrative machine
consists of only 12 basic instructions
Each of these instructions is encoded using a total of 16
bits, represented by ____ hexadecimal digits
An illustrative Machine Language (3/3)
Decoding the Instruction 35A7
An Encoded Version of the Instructions
in Figure 2.2
Program Execution (1/2)
A computer follows a program stored in its memory by
copying the instructions from memory into the control
unit as needed
The order in which the instructions are fetched from
memory corresponds to the order in which they are
stored in the memory unless otherwise specified by a
______ instruction
Program Execution (2/2)
Within the control unit are two special purpose registers:
The ______________ contains the address of the next
instruction to be executed
The _________________ holds the instruction being executed
The control unit performs its job by continually repeating
an algorithm through a three-step process known as the
_____________
Machine Cycle
An Example of Program Execution (1/3)
An Example of Program Execution (2/3)
An Example of Program Execution (3/3)
Arithmetic/Logic Operations
AND
AND
10011010
11001001
________
10001000
00001111
10101010
________
00001010
OR
OR
10011010
11001001
________
11011011
11110000
10101010
________
11111010
XOR
10011010
11001001
_________
01010011
11111111
XOR
10101010
_________
01010101
Rotating to the Right
Communicating with Other Devices
(1/5)
The main memory and CPU form the _____ of a
computer
Communication between a computer and other devices
is normally handled through an intermediary device
known as a ________
From there the controller connects via ______ to
peripheral devices
Communicating with Other Devices
(2/5)
These controllers are often small _________ within
themselves, each with its own memory circuitry and
CPU that performs a program
A controller _______ messages and data back and forth
between forms compatible with the internal
characteristics of the computer and those of the
peripheral device
Communicating with Other Devices
(3/5)
Communicating with Other Devices
(4/5)
The CPU is able to communicate with the _________
in the same manner that it communicates with main
memory
I/O instructions _______ the various controllers by an
_________ system similar to that of main memory
The set of addresses assigned to a controller are called
a _____
An alternative is _________________ in which each
controller is designed to respond to references to a
unique set of main memory addresses
Communicating with Other Devices
(5/5)