Transcript Software Engineering Syllabus

Chapter 2
Data Manipulation
Yonsei University
1st Semester, 2011 Sanghyun Park
Outline
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Computer Architecture
Machine Language
Program Execution
Arithmetic/Logic Instructions
Communicating With Other Devices
Computer Architecture
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The central processing unit, or ____ is a main part of the
computer
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CPU consists of two parts:
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Arithmetic/logic unit: performs data __________
Control unit: __________ the machine’s activities
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CPU contains cells, or ________, for temporary storage
of information
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For the purpose of transferring bit patterns, a machine’s
CPU and main memory are connected by a collection of
wires called a ____
CPU and Main Memory
Stored Program Concept
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Program (instructions) is stored in _______ instead of
being built into the control unit as part of the machine
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Adding values stored in memory
Machine Language (1/2)
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CPUs are designed to recognize __________ encoded
as bit patterns
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This collection of instructions along with the encoding
system is called the machine _________
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An instruction expressed in this language is called a
_________ instruction
Machine Language (2/2)
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Two philosophies of CPU design:
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CPU should be designed to execute a _______ set of machine
instructions: leads to a ______ instruction set computer (_____)
CPU should have the ability to execute a ______ number of
complex instructions: leads to a ________ instruction set
computer (_____)
Machine instructions can be classified as:
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Data transfer:
LOAD, STORE, I/O instructions
Arithmetic/Logic: arithmetic/logic operations, SHIFT, ROTATE
Control:
conditional or unconditional JUMP
An illustrative Machine Language (1/3)
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The architecture of the machine for the discussion
An illustrative Machine Language (2/3)
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The encoded version of a machine instruction consists
of two parts:
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_______ (short for operation code) field: indicates which of the
elementary operations is requested by the instruction
____________: provides more detailed information about the
operation specified by the op-code
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The entire machine language of the illustrative machine
consists of only 12 basic instructions
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Each of these instructions is encoded using a total of 16
bits, represented by ____ hexadecimal digits
An illustrative Machine Language (3/3)
Decoding the Instruction 35A7
An Encoded Version of the Instructions
in Figure 2.2
Program Execution (1/2)
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A computer follows a program stored in its memory by
copying the instructions from memory into the control
unit as needed
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The order in which the instructions are fetched from
memory corresponds to the order in which they are
stored in the memory unless otherwise specified by a
______ instruction
Program Execution (2/2)
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Within the control unit are two special purpose registers:
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The ______________ contains the address of the next
instruction to be executed
The _________________ holds the instruction being executed
The control unit performs its job by continually repeating
an algorithm through a three-step process known as the
_____________
Machine Cycle
An Example of Program Execution (1/3)
An Example of Program Execution (2/3)
An Example of Program Execution (3/3)
Arithmetic/Logic Operations
AND
AND
10011010
11001001
________
10001000
00001111
10101010
________
00001010
OR
OR
10011010
11001001
________
11011011
11110000
10101010
________
11111010
XOR
10011010
11001001
_________
01010011
11111111
XOR
10101010
_________
01010101
Rotating to the Right
Communicating with Other Devices
(1/5)
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The main memory and CPU form the _____ of a
computer
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Communication between a computer and other devices
is normally handled through an intermediary device
known as a ________
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From there the controller connects via ______ to
peripheral devices
Communicating with Other Devices
(2/5)
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These controllers are often small _________ within
themselves, each with its own memory circuitry and
CPU that performs a program
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A controller _______ messages and data back and forth
between forms compatible with the internal
characteristics of the computer and those of the
peripheral device
Communicating with Other Devices
(3/5)
Communicating with Other Devices
(4/5)
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The CPU is able to communicate with the _________
in the same manner that it communicates with main
memory
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I/O instructions _______ the various controllers by an
_________ system similar to that of main memory
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The set of addresses assigned to a controller are called
a _____
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An alternative is _________________ in which each
controller is designed to respond to references to a
unique set of main memory addresses
Communicating with Other Devices
(5/5)