Transcript COLLEGE STUDENTS AND GAMBLING

COLLEGE STUDENTS
&
GAMBLING
Meri Haunstein
Quick Facts
• 50.4% Male college students who gamble
on cards at least once a month.
• 26.6% Female students who gamble on
cards at least once a month
• $3.1 billion: Internet gambling revenue in
2001.
• $12 billion: Estimated internet gambling
revenue in 2005.
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Source: Anneberg Public Policy Center (2005). 2005 National Anneberg Risk Survey of Youth; Christansen Capital
Advisors, LLC
Scoring the SOGS
• Question 1, 2 and 3 not counted:
• 4. Most of the time I lose or every time I lose
• 5 Yes, less than half the time I lose or yes, most
of the time
• 6. yes, in the past but not now or yes
• 7. thru 11. each yes is one point
• 12. Not scored
• 13. Thru 16.i. Each yes one point
• 16. j. and k. not scored
PROBLEM GAMBLING
“Gambling behavior which causes
disruptions in any major area of life:
psychological, physical, social, or
vocational” (National Council on Problem Gambling)
PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING
A chronic disorder that results in the loss of
control over gambling. (DSM-IV)(312.31)
Pathological Gambling DSM- IV
Criteria
• Preoccupation
– 1. Is preoccupied with gambling (e.g., reliving past gambling
experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or
thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble.
• Tolerance
– 2. needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order
to achieve the desired excitement.
• Withdrawal
– 3. Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop
gambling
• Escape
– 4. Gambles as a way of escaping from problems or relieving a
dysphoric mood (feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, or
depression)
Pathological Gambling DSM- IV
Criteria
• Chasing
– 5. After losing money gambling, often returns another day in
order to get even.
• Lying
– 6. Lies to family members, therapists, or others to conceal the
extent of involvement with gambling.
• Loss of Control
– 7. Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back,
or stop gambling.
• Illegal Acts
– 8. Has committed illegal acts (forgery,
fraud, theft, or embezzlement) to
finance gambling)
Pathological Gambling DSM- IV
Criteria
• Risked significant relationship
– 9. Has jeopardized or lost a significant
relationship, job, education, or career
opportunity because of gambling.
• Bailout
– 10. Has relied on others to provide money to
relieve a desperate financial situation caused
by gambling.
Pathological Gambling DSM- IV
Criteria
• Scores
– Pathological gamblers endorse 5 or more of
the 10 criteria.
– “Problem Gamblers” endorse 3 or 4 of the 10
criteria.
– At “risk gamblers” score 1-2 of the criteria.
– Best items: 3, 1, 5, 6, & 9.
SOGS Scoring KEY
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0 = NO PROBLEM
1-4 = SOME PROBLEM
3-4 = PROBLEM GAMBLER
5 or More = PROBABLE PATHOLOGICAL
GAMBLER
• Many gamblers presenting for care score
over 10 on the SOGS.
Telling the Difference
• SOCIAL GAMBLING
– Occasional Gambler
– Hopes to win but
expects to lose.
– Gambles for
entertainment.
– Sets & sticks to limits
of money and time.
• PROBLEM GAMBLING
– Spends more time
gambling/planning to
gamble.
– Expects to win; keeps
playing to win back
losses.
– Gambles to win, or to
escape problems.
– Keeps playing. Uses
needed $ or borrows.
Reasons students say they gamble
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Chance to win money
Excitement of placing a bet
Spend time with friends
Distraction from everyday life
Think it’s a fast and easy way to get rich
quick
• To fit in or be accepted
• The rush of winning
• To feel important
College Students Bet On:
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Poker or other card games
Dice, video or board games for money
Car, horse, or dog racing
Lottery games
Slot or electronic poker machines
Stock market
Games of skill, like pool, golf, darts, or bowling
School, professional or fantasy sports
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Source: http://www.gamblinghelp.org.sections/college/inside.html
Where do college students gamble
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Gamble on campus
At friend’s homes
Nearby casinos, and racetracks
Their own room.
Source: http://www.gamblinghelp.org.sections/college/inside.html
A NEW CAMPUS FAVORITE:
INTERNET GAMBLING
• More than 1,400 internet casinos- all offshore
Concerns• so new that effects are not well studied
• not much legal oversight or protection
• very easy to hide
• done in isolation
• accelerated progression to problem gambling
• Very accessible (gamble in your room in your
underwear)
Athletes vs. Non-Athletes
• General gambling
– Athletes 81%
– Non-Athletes 81%
• 28% of athletes gambled
on athletic events
• Rate of problem gambling:
– Athletes 6.2%
– Non-athletes 3.3%
Most Popular Gambling Activities
Among Athletes
• Sports betting
– 25% gambled on sports
– 4% gambled on events they were involved in
– Playing cards for money
– Lotteries
– Casino games
– Casino-style machines (e.g., slots & video
poker)
Source: Miller et. Al, 2001
National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) Survey
• Nearly 70% of male student-athletes reported gambling
in the past year versus 47% among females.
• About 35% of males and 10% of females admitted to
wagering on a sporting event in the past year, which is a
direct violation of NCCA bylaws regarding sports
wagering.
• 20% of males and %5 of females bet on collegiate
sporting events in the past year, even though if caught
they would be banned from playing at an NCAA school
for the rest of their lives.
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Source: http://www.gamblinghelp.org.sections/college/inside.html
• 22% of male athletes and 6% of female
student-athletes also admitted betting on
football pools or with a bookie (a person who
takes bets, typically for illegal activities)
• Among Division I, II, and III male studentathletes, 17% were classified as “potential
problem gamblers or worse” versus 3%
among their female counterparts.
• Overall, less than 5% of males and one-half
of 1% of females were categorized as
problem or compulsive gamblers.
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Source: http://www.gamblinghelp.org.sections/college/inside.html
Making the Connections between
Gambling and Risky Behaviors
• Well-demonstrated relationship of problem gambling with other
risky behaviors
• Excessive alcohol use & binge drinking
• Regular tobacco use
• Illicit drug use
• Overeating/binge eating
• Academic & athletic failure
• Crime
• Debt
• Depression & Suicide
• Relationship problems
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Source: Engwall & Steinberg, 2003: Ladouceur, Dube, & Bujold, 1994,; Lesieur, et at., 1991