Transcript Document
Comprehensible
Language input
(可理解性语言输入)
广西师范学院 初等教育学院
蓝卫红
Objectives:
After learning this topic, you should be
able to ------ understand the concept of
comprehensible language input.
----- guide your future teaching practice
with the concept.
Stage 1 Experience
1. Have you ever heard of the concept
of “comprehensible input” ? What
does it refere to?
2. Read aloud the following teaching
cases in roles and try to explain how
you understand “comprehensible input”
Case 1: Jobs 的教学
T: (出示一位女司机的图片) Look,
what does she do? She is a driver. Her
job is driving the bus. Do you know
“job”? Today we will talk about jobs.
What jobs do you know?
Case 2: Be doing…的教学
T: (呈现画含各种动物正在做不同活动的多媒体课
件或图片) What can you see in the picture?
Ss: …
T: What is the bird doing?
Ss: …
T: Can you describe these animals like this: “The
bird is singing. The monkey is eating a banana.”
Ss:
T: (引导学生回答并根据学生的回答板书动词
+ing)
The bird is _____. The monkey is _____.
(A)
(B)
(C)
singing
dancing
sitting
eating
riding
running
crying
jumping
T: Please repeat after me. Observe and think: 这些
动词的结尾有什么共同特点?为什么?他们在变
化的过程中又有什么不同?
Sing, singing. The bird is singing.
Eat, eating. The monkey is eating a banana.
Cry, crying. The rabbit is crying.
Jump, jumping. The frog is jumping in the water.
Ride, riding. The bear is riding a bike.
Sit, sitting. The panda is sitting under the tree.
Run, running. The dog is running after the cat.
Case 3: “busy ”的教学
(学完 e-mail 后 )
T: Now boys and girls, do you know when I write emails to my friends?
Ss: …
T: Sorry, you are wrong. I’m very busy in the evening.
I have to do housework (做各种做家务的动作). I
have to check your homework(拿出一大叠作业). I
read books and newspaper(拿书和报纸). I’m busy.
Do you understand the word “busy”?
Case 4: Bookstore 的教学
T: Do you like reading?
Ss:
T: What do you read? Where do you buy them?
Ss:
T: There are many bootstores in … Which one is
your favorite bookstore?
T: …is my favorite bookstore. Have you ever been
there? Today, let’s go inside and have a look.
T: (利用课件介绍) Now, we are in the elevator.
There are three floors in this building. On
the first floor, there are many books about
art. On the second floor, there are many
books on History. The third floor is
Children’s World. Which floor would you
like to go to?
Ss: The third floor.
T: Look! Here is the reading corner for kids.
There are many different kinds of books.
What are they?
Ss: Textbook/ Storybooks/ science books.
T: (出示一本故事书) Here is an interesting
book. There are many stories in it. It is fun
to read it. What do you call this kind of book?
Ss: Storybook.
<<中小学外语教学与研究>> 2008.2
Stage 2: Exploration
1. According to your understanding, what is
“comprehensible langague input?
2. Why should language input be
comprehensible?
3. How can teachers make talk
comprehensible to students?
Stage 3 Exchange
1. Comprehensible input means _____.
2. To provide comprehensible input,
teachers should _____.
Comprehensible input means that students
should be able to understand the essence of
what is being said or presented to them.
When input is comprehensible, students
understand most aspects of what is required
for learning, and the learning experience
pushes them to greater understanding.
Comprehensible instruction requires that
teachers carefully control their vocabulary
and use graphic organizers, concrete objects,
and gestures when possible to enhance
understanding. It is important to limit the
length and number of lecture-type
presentations.
The Natural Approach
自然法出现于70年代后期。代表人物是
克拉申(StePhen Krashen)和她的同事泰
勒尔(Tracy Terrel)。
自然法的最主要的特点:
1.语言学习始于理解性的输入,主张
推迟口头表达,直到言语“出现”
(speech“emerges”)。
2.一般不纠正学生的错误。
自然法把教学过程分为以下三个阶段
1.表达前阶段(The PreProduction Stase) 这一阶
段的主要任务是发展听力力理解技能,不急于进行口头表
达,所以也称为“沉默阶段”。
2.早期表达阶段(The Early Production Stage)
这是学生在学习中处于“挣扎”的状态,经常出错。教师
此时应把注意力放在意义上,而不是形式上,所以一般不
纠错,除非错误重大,完全阻碍意义的传递。
3.最后阶段(The Last Stage) 这是扩展的表达阶
段,表达扩展到较长的话语,使用的方式是较复杂的游戏、
角色扮演、开放式的对话、讨论和扩展性的小组活动。这
一阶段的教学目标是表达的流利程度,所以一般也不纠错。
自然法理论基础
美国语言学家S.D.Krashen(克拉申)的语言
习得理论:
(1)习得与学习假说;
(2)自然顺序假说;
(3)监控假说;
(4)输入假说;
(5)情感过滤假说。
语言习得与语言学得假说
这是克氏理论的出发点。他认为,习得与学习是成人逐步
学会第二语言的两条途径。习得过程和儿童学会母语相似,
是无意识的自然学会过程,由交际动机推动。学习则通过
有意的学习,理解运用语言规则,由形成性推动。掌握一
门外语主要靠习得。学习可以获得知识,知识只对运用语
言起监测作用。习得在接受语言输入后潜意识地发生,主
要是对输入的吸收。教师宜帮助学生扩大吸入量。为此,
机械操练和控制操练都宜少用,因为不能促进习得。课堂
教学中应多组织学生互相交往,多采用类似全身反应法的
方法,并侧重泛读。初级阶段要侧重词汇教学,注意力不
要放在句法上。
输入假说
其内容是给学生可理解 “i + 1” 的输入量。
i (input) 指学生所能理解的语言材料量,1
是不定数,指稍多于学生可以接受的数量。
材料输入的深浅,以学生能够理解为度,
过深过浅都不适宜。这种可理解的输入,
应象母亲向小孩所提供的语言。这种深浅
的语言学生好理解,理解了才能习得。故
教师不必急于要求学生说话,学生初期沉
默,不妨碍习得。一旦习得足够的语言能
力,就会开口。
监测假说
从区别语言习得与语言学习出发,此假说认为,
只有习得才能引导学生讲话,并制约说话流利程
度。语言学习只起监测(监察)作用。当学生已
用习得的语言讲话或写作,学习的知识可以对说
话、写作形式上的修正,起监测作用,即对输出
的形式做有意的修改。并且,只有当习得者有充
裕的时间且思想转向语言形式,又知道有合适的
规则,检测才会产生。监测对习得不产生影响,
因为在语言运用中,习得的形式和学习得来的形
式分别产生。
自然顺序假说
此假说认为,学会母语或非母语都有一定
的顺序:过渡有过渡的顺序,成熟有成熟
的顺序。这些顺序都是可以预测的,比如,
英语中进行式“v+ing” 形式总先被习得,而
动词的第三人称单数加“s”的形式总是后被
习得;且两者被习得的时间间隔为半年至
一年。自然顺序假说要求按照一定客观顺
序教学。至于怎样预测这种自然顺序,主
要采用错误分析和成就分析两种方法。
情感过滤假说
这是关于不同感情与非母语习得关系的假说。情
感过滤概念是Dulay 和Burt 在1977年提出来的。克
氏据此认为,虽然情感对习得机制并无影响,但
情感因素起着阻碍或促进输入传到大脑语言习得
器官的作用.
克拉申把情感因素分为三类:1)动力,动力大的
学生习得更多。2)自信心,自信心强的人习得更
多。3)焦虑程度,焦虑程度底有利于习得语言。
克拉申两个假说对教学的指导
1)学习者必须获得难易程度适中的语言输
人;
2)学习者必须理解语言输人材料中的新语
言形式;
3)学习者必须具有自信心而且在轻松有趣
的环境中学习,以消除焦虑情感;
4)新语言形式必须给学习者留下深刻印象;
5)学习者要经常运用语言进行交际活动。
根据以上理论,克拉申把语言成败关键有效习得,并对此
提出三点具体要求和意见。
第一:掌握输入特点,首先是可理解性,不必输入过
深的东西。比如不听或不看不能理解的目的语的广播或电
视节目。其次是趣味性与学生知识密切相关的信息。此外,
输入量要足,让学生把大量的时间用在消遣性阅读和会话
上,少作些练习,只读几篇文选,更不可对难懂的东西进
行如分析密码式的破译。因此,教学大纲不必按语法顺序
规则排列,而应按真实交流的需要。即按语言交流思想的
需要去排列,在那种情况下,语法还可能得到较多的重复,
语境也能在有趣的变化中不断出现。在输入方面,教师应
力求给学生提供他们在课外得不到的可理解的输入,并帮
助他们吸收,要相信学生的外语能力主要来自习得。
第二:消除心理障碍。首先要让学生开口。为此
应该重意义,轻形式,不要过多地纠正错误,以
避免学生产生不必要的焦虑,应尽量减少学生的
紧张情绪。其次,要给学生提供课堂以外的习得
环境和进行成功会话的手段、材料。
第三:明确学习的有限作用。学习只能作为习得
的补充,它的作用是用作监测。因此,超监测的
学习或大量的结构教学,实际上是教语言学或语
言欣赏。
Stage 4 Extension
What principles should we follow so as to provide
comprehensible language input?
1. 可理解输入
2.大量输入
3.多样化输入
4.有序输入
5.自然输入
6.整体语言输入
Case
1
T:(拿出一个yo-yo )Well. It’s a yo-yo. I want to
throw yo-yo. But I don’t know how to throw it. Who
can show me how to throw it? Can you teach me?
S1: (向前教老师)
T: (一边玩、一边说) It’s easy. It’s easy to thro yo-yo.
It’s not bard. I can throw yo-yo now. Who wants to
throw yo-yo? Now I can teach you.
Ss: (另外几个学生走向前)
(教师趁机将生词写在黑板上)
T: (边示范边说) Don’t throw it like that. Well,
throw it like this. Great! You can throw it, too.
It’s easy. It’s not hard. It’s easy to throw yo-yo.
Now , we can throw yo-yo. Let’s do something
else. Well, listen to the tape, then tell me what
they are talking about.
Case
2
T: (拿出一个没有水的玻璃杯)Any water?
water in the glass?
Ss: No.
T: (指一个热水瓶)Is there any water?
Is there any water in the thermos?
T: (从热水瓶中倒水)No water.
(再指另一个热水瓶) Is there any water?
Is there any water in the thermos?
Any
Case 3
T: Look, I have a picture of a nature park. There is
a forest in the nature park.
(呈现单词river, 让学生一起说There is a river
in the nature park. )
(呈现单词path, 让学生一起说There is a path in
the nature park. )
(呈现单词lake, 让学生一起说There is a lake in
the nature park. )
Case
4
(The teacher shows the students a picture. )
Teacher: Tell me about this picture.
Marios: It’s a shop.
Teacher: Good !
Theresa: She is a woman.
Teacher: There’s a woman, yes.
Anna: Coffee… There’s coffee.
Teacher: Yes?
Antonis: There’s butter.
Teacher: Yes, we can see coffee, butter, bread,
sugar.
Can we see books in the picture?
Students: No.
Teacher: No, it isn’t a bookshop. It’s a grocer’s
shop.
Repeat, everybody! Grocer’s.
Stage 5 Extension
What have you learned about this topic?
What do you want to learn more about?
Key words for further learning:
语言输入理论;
奥苏伯尔有意义学习理论 (meaningful learning).