Transcript The Internal Lexicon

The Internal Lexicon
Word Knowledge
• phonological
• syntactic
• morphological
(e.g., pronunciate, orientate, typewrite, baby-sit,
edit, ush, pea, matchmake)
• semantic
– sense vs. reference
– possible world semantics / mental models
– truth value
TOT demonstration
• What is the word for:
– a children’s doctor?
– the counting machine that uses sliding
counters along rods or grooves?
TOT demonstration
• Pronounce each word and rate pronunciation
difficulty on a scale of 1 (very easy) to 5 (very
difficult)
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indigent
rejoicing
serious
tappet
abstract
velvet
truncate
tradition
publish
locate
What word means to formally
renounce a throne?
abdicate
• How many of you had the TOT state?
• Could you recall part of the word?
What causes TOT-state?
• Dense Phonological neighborhoods:
(lots of words that sound alike)
• We induce TOT by priming (activating) those
neighborhoods so they’ll interfere with phonological
retrieval:
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indigent
rejoicing
serious
tappet
abstract
velvet
truncate
tradition
publish
locate
Target word: Abdicate
Notice that we had you pronounce
every part of the word, by having you
pronounce the list of words before!
Semantic Relationships
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synonymy (fear & panic)
coordination (cat & dog)
hypernymy (bird & sparrow)
hyponymy (sparrow & bird)
meronymy (seat & chair)
• denotation vs. connotation
– bachelor/spinster
Lexical retrieval
• Interactive or discrete?
– Interactive: phonology influences semantic
choices, and semantics affect phonological
retrieval
– Discrete: Words are selected based on their
semantics
Message
Formulation
Lexical
Selection
Morphology
Rules
Phonological
Rules
A simple, serial
(non-interactive)
model!
Vocal Tract
Instructions
The
arrows
point
both
ways.
There is
feedback
between
levels!
(Bock & Levelt,
1994)
An interactive model
How do we know that we retrieve
words in two stages?
• Repetition priming: lasts over 100 trials, but
only if it has the same phonology, syntax, and
semantics
– Priming homophones:
• “weight” for “wait” is not as strong. Neither is “that” as
demonstrative That is a huge cup of coffee vs. “that” as
complementizer I know that she will pass all her classes.
(so it’s not just phonological)
– No priming across languages, as long as the
phonological forms differ
• Monsell, Matthews, and Miller (1992): bilingual WelshEnglish speakers. (so it’s not just semantic)
Lexical Access Models
• Autonomous Search Model
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like a dictionary search, using orthography or phonetics
search most frequent words first
no semantic/syntactic influence on selection
points to entry in “master lexicon”
• Logogen Model
– each word has a logogen, which specifies its attributes
– logogen activated via sensory input or context
– context lowers the activation “threshold”
• Cohort Model
– initial activation is strictly bottom-up
– once cohort is activated, frequency and context come into
play
Lexical decision task
gambastya
gambastya
revery
voitle
chard
wefe
cratily
decoy
puldow
raflot
oriole
voluble
boovle
chalt
awry
signet
trave
crock
cryptic
ewe
himpola
Lexical decision task, pt. 2
(frequent words)
mulvow
governor
bless
tuglety
gare
relief
ruftily
history
pindle
develop
gardot
norve
busy
effort
garvola
match
sard
pleasant
coin
maisle
How do we know that we retrieve
words in two stages?
• Tip-of-the-Tongue State:
– Know the meaning, but can’t produce word
– Syntax is retrieved. Speaker can reliably tell:
• syntactic category
• gender of word (in languages with grammatical gender)
– Incomplete or faulty phonology
• can’t reliably tell first letter of word
Why is lexical retrieval interactive?
• Neighborhood effects:
– Dense semantic neighborhoods: faster production
– Dense phonological neighborhoods: slower
production
• Semantic interference with speech errors
– “Get one” 4x more likely to be pronounced “Wet
gun” if the speaker has recently read “damp rifle”
• Mixed errors are more common than you’d
expect by chance:
– Bat or Rat instead of Cat
Disambiguating Homophones
• All meanings accessed at first, in all parts of speech
• (Swinney, 1979)
– Heard: “Rumor had it that, for years, the
government building had been plagued with
problems. The man was not surprised when he
found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs [1]
in the [2] corner of the room.”
– Seen: ant or spy or control sew
– Task: Lexical decision
– Facilitated for both meanings at position [1], but only for the
appropriate meaning at position [2]
• Context disambiguates after lexical retrieval