Transcript Slide 1

P1.3.1 Transferring
electrical energy
Mr D Powell
Connection
•
•
•
Connect your learning to the
content of the lesson
Share the process by which the
learning will actually take place
Explore the outcomes of the
learning, emphasising why this will
be beneficial for the learner
Demonstration
• Use formative feedback – Assessment for
Learning
• Vary the groupings within the classroom
for the purpose of learning – individual;
pair; group/team; friendship; teacher
selected; single sex; mixed sex
• Offer different ways for the students to
demonstrate their understanding
• Allow the students to “show off” their
learning
Activation
Consolidation
• Construct problem-solving
challenges for the students
• Use a multi-sensory approach – VAK
• Promote a language of learning to
enable the students to talk about
their progress or obstacles to it
• Learning as an active process, so the
students aren’t passive receptors
• Structure active reflection on the lesson
content and the process of learning
• Seek transfer between “subjects”
• Review the learning from this lesson and
preview the learning for the next
• Promote ways in which the students will
remember
• A “news broadcast” approach to learning
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Index
P1.4.1 Methods we use to Generate Electricity
a)
In some power stations an energy source is used to heat water. The steam produced drives a
turbine that is coupled to an electrical generator. Energy sources include:
■ the fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which are burned to heat water or air
■ uranium and plutonium, when energy from nuclear fission is used to heat water
■ biofuels that can be burned to heat water.
b) Water and wind can be used to drive turbines directly.
c) Electricity can be produced directly from the Sun’s radiation.
d) In some volcanic areas hot water and steam rise to the surface. The steam can be tapped and
used to drive turbines. This is known as geothermal energy.
e) Small-scale production of electricity may be useful in some areas and for some uses, eg
hydroelectricity in remote areas and solar cells for roadside signs.
f)
Using different energy resources has different effects on the environment. These effects
include:
■ the release of substances into the atmosphere
■ the production of waste materials
■ noise and visual pollution
■ the destruction of wildlife habitats.
Index
Mr Powell 2012
What do I mean...
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Index
Name the energy source...
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How do Power Stations Work

This model shows a typical hydroelectric dam. The water has lots of
GPE which is given to the turbine, which turns a magnet in a coil of
wire in a generator to produce electricity. However, they can damage
the local ecosystems flooding large areas.
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Index
How does it work...
TASK - Can you correctly order these
statements and copy them into
your book
Order
Function
1
The water then travels through a channel from the
reservoir to the turbine.
2
water is stored in a reservoir. This provides water pressure
to the turbine by gravity.
3
Any spare energy is used to pump the water back to the
reservoir.
4
This turns a generator to create an electrical current.
5
The turbine moves round due to the water flowing through
the channel
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Index
How does it work...
Order
Function
1
water is stored in a reservoir. This provides water pressure to the turbine
by gravity.
2
The water then travels through a channel from the reservoir to the
turbine.
3
The turbine moves round due to the water flowing through the channel
4
This turns a generator to create an electrical current.
5
Any spare energy is used to pump the water back to the reservoir.
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Nuclear Reactor...
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Nuclear Reactor...

Now these labels have got out of
order, can you sort them out
then write them out correctly....
Part
Function
Fuel rods
Rods which slow down the reaction and dipped into the
reactor
water
Large chunk of bored out carbon in which the rods sit to
slow or moderate the reaction
Control rods
Steam
Concrete shield
Moderator
Are the radioactive uranium and source of energy
Keeps the radiation from leaking out
Hot water coming out to turn the turbine.
Cold and pumped into the reactor
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Sources of Energy
Can you detail how each one of these works in a table or bubble
diagram...
How
How does it work?
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
Solar
Wind
Tidal
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
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Nuclear
•
Nuclear fuel is a non-renewable energy
source. The atoms of Uranium split or
decay converting stored nuclear energy
into kinetic energy
•
It has many advantages to fossil fuels
for example it does not produce carbon
dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
•
It produces harmful radiation if a
reactor leaks
•
Fuel rods have to be stored for a long
time
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Oil / Gas / Coal
Power stations fuelled by fossil fuels or nuclear fuels are reliable sources of
energy. This means they can provide power whenever it is needed. However,
their start-up times vary according to the type of fuel used.
This list shows the type of fuel in order of start of time going from short to long.
1.
2.
3.
4.
gas-fired station (shortest start-up time)
oil-fired station
coal-fired station
nuclear power station (longest start-up time)
Nuclear power stations and coal-fired power stations usually provide 'base load'
electricity - they are run all the time because they take the longest time to start
up.
Oil-fired and gas-fired power stations are often used to provide extra electricity
at peak times, because they take the least time to start up.
Oil, Gas and Coal all pollut the environment with CO2 but technology is being
developed to capture the CO2 and other gases.
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Solar
Advantages of Solar energy is a renewable
energy resource and there are no fuel
costs. No harmful polluting gases are
produced.
Disadvantages are that Solar cells are
expensive and inefficient, so the cost of
their electricity is high.
Solar panels may only produce very hot
water in very sunny climates, and in cooler
areas may need to be supplemented with a
conventional boiler.
Although warm water can be produced
even on cloudy days, neither solar cells nor
solar panels work at night
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Wind
• Wind Power: The force of
the wind turns the blades of
a wind turbine which in turn
causes a generator to spin
and produce electricity.
• The larger the blades or
wind the more energy
produced.
• Energy only when there is
wind.
• Low running costs
• Cause of noise pollution
• Cause of visual pollution
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Tidal
• Waves: The rocking
motion of waves makes
the ‘nodding ducks’
move up and down. This
movement is translated
into a rotary movement
which eventually turns a
generator.
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Hydroelectric
• Hydro power: Water stored in reservoirs
above the power station is allowed through
pipes to turn the turbines which create
electricity.
• This is very good when you have an available
source of water.
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Geothermal

Geothermal: In some volcanic
areas, hot water and steam rise
naturally to the surface, having
been heated up by the decay of
radioactive substances (e.g..
Uranium) within the earth. This
steam can be used to drive
turbines.

Geothermal energy is a renewable
energy resource and there are no
fuel costs. No harmful polluting
gases are produced.

Disadvantages are that most parts
of the world do not have suitable
areas where geothermal energy can
be exploited.
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Internet work.. Power Stations

Look in the library, internet to complete your table and Task 1.
Type
Example / Location
Further detail i.e. output power in MW or
GW, cost to build, advantages /
disadvantages
Nuclear
Gas
Coal
Solar
Wind
Tidal
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
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Pelamis Wave Power Generator
Web
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TASK – you are an interested
party in a Hydroelectric
scheme i.e. Farmer, power
1. Finding an area to build the power stations is hard
to find as it may effect the surrounding
company director, person
environment or people living there.
who lives their etc.....
Advantages & Disadvantages.
2. Once the dam is built the energy is very cheap.
3. No waste or pollution is produced
4. The dams are very expensive to build
5. Building a large dam will flood a very large area
upstream, causing problems for animals that used
to live there.
6. Can be used on demand
7. Hydroelectric power stations can increase to full
power very quickly, whereas others can not.
(Nuclear)
Look at the arguments for and
against and come up with an
argument from your
viewpoint of why / why not it
should be build.
TASK Write out a paragraph of
your angle to present to
another person.
8. Water quality and quantity downstream can be
affected, which can have an impact on plant life.
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G&T Evolution of Nuclear Power - Extension

Nuclear Power stations are the future and are getting more and more efficient
as this timeline shows.
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Checklist...
a)
Checklist...
In some power stations an energy source is
used to heat water. The steam produced
drives a turbine that is coupled to an
electrical generator. Energy sources include:
■ the fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which are
burned to heat water or air
■ uranium and plutonium, when energy
from nuclear fission is used to heat
water
■ biofuels that can be burned to heat water.
b)
Water and wind can be used to drive turbines
directly.
c)
Electricity can be produced directly from the
Sun’s radiation.
d)
In some volcanic areas hot water and steam
rise to the surface. The steam can be tapped
and used to drive turbines. This is known as
geothermal energy.
e)
Small-scale production of electricity may be
useful in some areas and for some uses, eg
hydroelectricity in remote areas and solar
cells for roadside signs.
f)
Using different energy resources has different
effects on the environment. These effects
include:
■ the release of substances into the
atmosphere
■ the production of waste materials
■ noise and visual pollution
■ the destruction of wildlife habitats.
a)
a
In some power stations an energy source is
used to heat water. The steam produced
drives a turbine that is coupled to an
electrical generator. Energy sources include:
a
b
■ the fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which are
burned to heat water or air
■ uranium and plutonium, when energy
from nuclear fission is used to heat
water
■ biofuels that can be burned to heat water.
b
c
b)
Water and wind can be used to drive turbines
directly.
c)
Electricity can be produced directly from the
Sun’s radiation.
d)
In some volcanic areas hot water and steam
rise to the surface. The steam can be tapped
and used to drive turbines. This is known as
geothermal energy.
d
e
f
P1.4.1 Methods we use to generate electricity
e)
Small-scale production of electricity may be
useful in some areas and for some uses, eg
hydroelectricity in remote areas and solar
cells for roadside signs.
f)
Using different energy resources has different
effects on the environment. These effects
include:
■ the release of substances into the
atmosphere
■ the production of waste materials
■ noise and visual pollution
■ the destruction of wildlife habitats.
c
d
e
f
P1.4.1 Methods we use to generate electricity
Order
Hydroelectric Function
Order
Hydroelectric Function
1
The water then travels through a channel
from the reservoir to the turbine.
1
The water then travels through a channel
from the reservoir to the turbine.
2
water is stored in a reservoir. This provides
water pressure to the turbine by
gravity.
2
water is stored in a reservoir. This provides
water pressure to the turbine by
gravity.
3
Any spare energy is used to pump the
water back to the reservoir.
3
Any spare energy is used to pump the
water back to the reservoir.
4
This turns a generator to create an
electrical current.
4
This turns a generator to create an
electrical current.
5
The turbine moves round due to the water
flowing through the channel
5
The turbine moves round due to the water
flowing through the channel
Part
Fuel rods
water
Nuclear PS Function
Rods which slow down the reaction and
dipped into the reactor
Large chunk of bored out carbon in which
the rods sit to slow or moderate the
reaction
Part
Fuel rods
water
Nuclear PS Function
Rods which slow down the reaction and
dipped into the reactor
Large chunk of bored out carbon in which
the rods sit to slow or moderate the
reaction
Control
rod
s
Are the radioactive uranium and source
of energy
Control
rod
s
Are the radioactive uranium and source
of energy
Steam
Keeps the radiation from leaking out
Steam
Keeps the radiation from leaking out
Concrete
shi
eld
Moderator
Hot water coming out to turn the turbine.
Cold and pumped into the reactor
P1.4.1 Methods we use to generate electricity
Concrete
shi
eld
Moderator
Hot water coming out to turn the turbine.
Cold and pumped into the reactor
P1.4.1 Methods we use to generate electricity
P1.4.2 The National Grid
.....
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How can you explain these things...
........
P1.4.2 The National Grid
P1.5.1 General properties of waves
.....
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How can you explain these things...
........
P1.5.1 General properties of waves
P1.5.2 Reflection
.....
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How can you explain these things...
........
P1.5.2 Reflection
P1.5.3 Sound
.....
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How can you explain these things...
........
P1.5.3 Sound
P1.5.4 Red-shift
.....
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How can you explain these things...
........
P1.5.4 Red-shift
3.4 The National Grid p260
• (U) Electricity is transferred from power station to
consumers along the National Grid.
• (K) The uses of step-up and step-down transformers;
increasing voltage (potential difference) reduces current,
and hence reduces energy losses in the cables.
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Index
What is the National Grid

The “grid” is a system of
cables which link Power
Stations to homes,
businesses, industry and
other infrastructure.

Along the way it has to
modify the electrical current
to make sure that as much of
the energy is delivered as
possible.

Transformers do the
modifications!

This diagram shows the main
routes.
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Who produces the power.

The power comes from a variety of sources.

The map shows all the nuclear power stations

The house here is putting energy back into the grid from its solar panels.
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How much do we generate

These figures are a big out of date but give the breakdown by source up to
2003. The amount is staggering!
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Transformers

These are really basic devices we can
change the voltage and current at
which the energy is transferred.

The idea of this is to save power. (we
will come to this shortly)

The simple circuit consists of a
Power supply, two bulbs and a
transformer.

The current to the lower bulb is
transferred indirectly by a magnetic
field induced in the iron loop.

The current has been transformed
and p.d. has increased and current
reduced
http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_349.html
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Index
Transformers & everyday uses...

Here is an example of how we can
transform voltages and currents.

The core is the same as in the previous
slide but now you can see that the
number of turns of wire are different.

The ratio of turns either steps up or
steps down the voltage.

What happens is when the current
flow (alternating current) flows back
and fourth in one set of wires it creates
(induces) a current in the other set of
wires.
This examplee is a travel adapter plug!

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Index
Stepping up / Stepping Down
132kV
25kV
230V
Power station
Step up
transformer
Step down
transformer
Homes

If we keep the voltage the same all the way and wanted the process to be
90% efficient. Throughout the grid we would have to use cables that were
13cm in diameter! They would weight 7000 tonnes . They

If we step up the voltage to 132kV the cables would be 4mm in diameter
but we would still only lose 10% of the energy in heat.

Also home electricity would be dangerous at such high voltages so it must
stepped down anyway.
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Index
Revision...
Copy the diagram and complete the questions in your books on the National Grid
Power station
Step up
transformer
Step down
transformer
Homes
We use the national grid to _ _transfer
_ _ _ _ energy to our homes. The step-up
transformers increase the _ _ voltage
_ _ _ _ _ _ and reduce the _ current
_ _ _ _ _. The
high voltage electricity now at _132
_ _ kV moves with _low
_ _ thermal losses
and means that the wires can be quite _ thin
_ _ _. Finally the step-down
transformers mean that the _voltage
_ _ _ _ is reduced to _230
_ _ V and is useable
in every day appliances. This can only be done with _alternating
_ _ _ _ _current.
_____
from a power station.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
An Argument....
Should power cables be underground or overhead? Here are some of
the arguments used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
They take up valuable land.
They are more difficult to repair.
They are more difficult to install across roads, railways and canals.
They are much more expensive.
They spoil the landscape.
They produce electric and magnetic fields that might affect
people.
Which of the above arguments would you use to argue against:


Underground power cables?
Overhead power cables?
TASK
Imagine you are a spokesperson for an environmental group or power
company going on live radio. Write down an argument using your
own and these ideas from a perspective....
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Skill Levels for Revision work….
Grade
F-G
D-E
Minimum Expectation on this task



Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements into your books
Add some diagrams and ideas from the book
Answer some of the questions / maybe with help


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add some diagrams and ideas from your head for some of the
statements
Finish all of the statements from the book with diagrams and
explanations
Answer some of the questions




B/C



A/A*


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add diagrams and explanations for all the statements with some
help from the book
Answer most of the questions / maybe with help
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Add diagrams to statements with detailed explanations and make
links to each other in a revision concept map.
Answer all of the questions
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Nelson Thornes Revision
Page 254 – using the devices in the table try and assign
several groups i.e. kinetic, thermal, light. Write out the
words in your book and draw a circle around the them
large enough to sort the devices into. Discuss in a pair
why you placed the devices in which place.
Page 256 – Explain the concept of “Power” in terms of
energy and time. What is the difference between a
600W meat grinder and a 1000W meat grinder. Also
what implications does this have?
P257 – Explain what is meant by a “Power rating”
P258 – What is a kW hour? Give an example calculation
to go with your answer.
Look at the panel to the right and explain how turning
off parts of your PC when not in use might save on
power. You can also download the software from
“LocalCooling” and investigate your home PC’s energy
use.
http://www.localcooling.com/
Mr Powell 2012
Index
4

K 
Power stations work by heating water to produce steam which turns a turbine and
electrical generator; coal, oil and gas, are burned and uranium/plutonium fissions
to heat the water.
Energy from renewable energy sources can be used to drive turbines directly.

Renewable energy sources are wind, the rise and fall of water due to waves and
tides, and the falling of water in hydroelectric schemes. Electricity can be produced
directly from the Sun's radiation using solar cells.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels, nuclear fuels and
renewable energy sources to generate electricity i.e. cost of building power
stations, the start-up time of power stations, the reliability of the energy source,
the relative cost of energy generated and the location in which the energy is
needed.

In some volcanic areas hot water and steam rise to the surface. The steam can be
tapped and used to drive turbines. This is known as geothermal energy.

Energy transfers effect the environment. These effects include the release of
substances into the atmosphere, noise and visual pollution, and the destruction of
wildlife habitats.
Index
S
U
Generating Energy 266
Mr Powell 2012
4.1 Fuel for Electricity p266
 (K) Power stations work by heating water to produce
steam which turns a turbine and electrical generator; coal,
oil and gas, are burned and uranium/plutonium fissions to
heat the water.
 (S) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using
fossil fuels, nuclear fuels and renewable energy sources to
generate electricity i.e. cost of building power stations, the
start-up time of power stations, the reliability of the
energy source, the relative cost of energy generated and
the location in which the energy is needed.
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Index
4.2 Energy from Wind and Water p268
 (K) Energy from renewable energy sources can be used to
drive turbines directly
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Index
4.3 Power from the Sun and Earth p270
 (K) Renewable energy sources are wind, the rise and fall
of water due to waves and tides, and the falling of water
in hydroelectric schemes. Electricity can be produced
directly from the Sun's radiation using solar cells.
 (U) In some volcanic areas hot water and steam rise to the
surface. The steam can be tapped and used to drive
turbines. This is known as geothermal energy.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
4.4 Energy and the Environment p272
 (U) Energy transfers effect the environment. These effects
include the release of substances into the atmosphere, noise
and visual pollution, and the destruction of wildlife habitats.
 (S) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil
fuels, nuclear fuels and renewable energy sources to generate
electricity i.e. cost of building power stations, the start-up time
of power stations, the reliability of the energy source, the
relative cost of energy generated and the location in which the
energy is needed.
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Thermal Radiation Quick Questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Index
Skill Levels for Revision work….
Grade
F-G
D-E
Minimum Expectation on this task



Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements into your books
Add some diagrams and ideas from the book
Answer some of the questions / maybe with help


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add some diagrams and ideas from your head for some of the
statements
Finish all of the statements from the book with diagrams and
explanations
Answer some of the questions




B/C



A/A*


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add diagrams and explanations for all the statements with some
help from the book
Answer most of the questions / maybe with help
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Add diagrams to statements with detailed explanations and make
links to each other in a revision concept map.
Answer all of the questions
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Nelson Thornes Revision
Page 260 – Explain what the National Grid is?
P266 – How does a Power Station work (in detail with diagram)
P267 - What is Nuclear Fission and how can we use it to heat water?
P267 – Write a paragraph with reasons to explain which non renewable source you
would pick to Power the UK ( Nuclear or Fossil)
P268/217 – Use the information here to design a 4 bedroom modern detached house
which uses at least 3 forms of renewable sources. Explain how they work in detail.
(Grand Designs)
P272/3 – Debate with a friend if Nuclear or renewable is better? Read the book before
to talk to each other and decide which one is for and against, then swap argument
points.
http://www.scienceonline.co.uk/energy/renewable-energy.html
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Index
5
K
End of Unit Revision p278

that, in cloning, all genetic information comes from one parent

How the can process occur

Describing in simple terms how the process occurs

to consider some of the ethical issues relating to cloning

When the process can be useful
S
U
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Self Study Skill Levels for Revision work….
Grade
F-G
D-E
Minimum Expectation on this task



Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements into your books
Add some diagrams and ideas from the book
Answer some of the questions / maybe with help


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add some diagrams and ideas from your head for some of the
statements
Finish all of the statements from the book with diagrams and
explanations
Answer some of the questions




B/C



A/A*


Be able to neatly copy down the revision statements
Add diagrams and explanations for all the statements with some
help from the book
Answer most of the questions / maybe with help
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Add diagrams to statements with detailed explanations and make
links to each other in a revision concept map.
Answer all of the questions
After the lesson add to your map doing your own revision
Mr Powell 2012
Index
Pages below this are extras and
resources to quick print out that fit into
the sequence of lessons.
Use as marked & for SEN or to save
time on writing!
Mr Powell 2012
Index