Transcript Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh:
soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
INDEKS KELESTARIAN
LINGKUNGAN
=
Environmental
Sustainability Index
KUALITAS LAHAN
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
LAHAN
The holistic concept of Land was already recognized in the
Framework for Land Evaluation (FAO 1976), repeated
implicitly in UNCED's chapter 10 of 1993, and formally
described in FAO 1995.
It reads:
"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface,
encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately
above or below this surface, including those of the nearsurface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface
hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and
swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and
associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal
populations, the human settlement pattern and physical
results of past and present human activity (terracing, water
storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.)."
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
FUNGSI LAHAN
The various functions of land are also described in FAO's 1995 background paper:
1. Land is the basis for many life support systems, through production of biomass that provides food,
fodder, fibre, fuel, timber and other biotic materials for human use, either directly or through
animal husbandry including aquaculture and inland and coastal fishery (the production function);
2. Land is the basis of terrestrial biodiversity by providing the biological habitats and gene reserves
for plants, animals and micro-organisms, above and below ground (the biotic environmental
function);
3. Land and its use are a source and sink of greenhouse gases and form a co-determinant of the
global energy balance - reflection, absorption and transformation of radiative energy of the sun,
and of the global hydrological cycle (the climate regulative function);
4. Land regulates the storage and flow of surface and groundwater resources, and influences their
quality (the hydrologic function);
5. Land is a storehouse of raw materials and minerals for human use (the storage function);
6. Land has a receptive, filtering, buffering and transforming function of hazardous compounds (the
waste and pollution control function);
7. Land provides the physical basis for human settlements, industrial plants and social activities such
as sports and recreation (the living space function);
8. Land is a medium to store and protect the evidence of the cultural history of humankind, and
source of information on past climatic conditions and past land uses (the archive or heritage
function);
9. Land provides space for the transport of people, inputs and produce, and for the movement of
plants and animals between discrete areas of natural ecosystems (connective space function).
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
ATRIBUT LAHAN
Land has attributes, characteristics, properties and
qualities (or limitations/conditions):
1. An attribute, or variable, is a neutral, over-arching term for a single or
compound aspect of the land;
2. A characteristic is an attribute which is easily noticed and which serves as a
distinguishing element for different types of land; it may or may not have a
practical meaning (e.g., soil colour or texture, or height of forest cover are
characteristics without giving direct information on land quality);
3. A property is an attribute that already gives a degree of information on the
value of the land type;
4. A land quality (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a
manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the
suitability of land for a specified kind of use.
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO PRODUCTIVITY FROM CROPS OR OTHER PLANT
GROWTH
1. Crop yields (a resultant of many qualities listed below).
2. Moisture availability.
3. Nutrient availability.
4. Oxygen availability in the root zone.
5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.
6. Conditions for germination.
7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).
8. Salinity or sodicity.
9. Soil toxicity.
10. Resistance to soil erosion.
11. Pests and diseases related to the land.
12. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation).
13. Temperature regime.
14. Radiation energy and photoperiod.
15. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost).
16. Air humidity as affecting plant growth.
17. Drying periods for ripening of crops.
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN
UNTUK PRODUKSI TERNAK
1. Productivity of grazing land
2.Climatic hardships affecting animals.
3.Endemic pests and diseases.
4.Nutritive value of grazing land.
5.Toxicity of grazing land.
6.Resistance to degradation of vegetation.
7.Resistance to soil erosion under grazing
conditions.
8.Availability of drinking water.
Diunduh dari:
……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN PRODUKSI
1. The qualities listed may refer to natural
forests, forestry plantations, or both.
2. Mean annual increments of timber species
(a resultant of many qualities listed under
"Atmospheric qualities“).
3. Types and quantities of indigenous timber
species.
4. Site factors affecting establishment of young
trees.
5. Pests and diseases.
6. Fire hazard.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN
PENGELOLAAN LAHAN
1. The qualities listed may refer to arable use,
animal production or forestry.
2. Terrain factors affecting mechanization
(trafficability).
3. Terrain factors affecting construction and
maintenance of access-roads (accessibility).
4. Size of potential management units (e.g. forest
blocks, farms, fields).
5. Location in relation to markets and to supplies of
inputs.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN:
KOMPONEN ATMOSFERIK
ATMOSPHERIC QUALITIES
1.
2.
3.
Atmospheric moisture supply:
rainfall, length of growing
season, evaporation, dew
formation.
Atmospheric energy for
photosynthesis: temperature,
daylength, sunshine
conditions.
Atmospheric conditions for
crop ripening, harvesting and
land preparation: occurrence
of dry spells.
Sumber:
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/16/6399/F2.expansion.html
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN: TUTUPAN LAHAN
1. Value of the standing vegetation as
"crop", such as timber.
2. Value of the standing vegetation as
germ plasm: biodiversity value.
3. Value of the standing vegetation as
protection against degradation of
soils and catchment.
4. Value of the standing vegetation as
regulator of local and regional
climatic conditions.
5. Regeneration capacity of the
vegetation after complete removal.
6. Value of the standing vegetation as
shelter for crops and cattle against
adverse atmospheric influences.
7. Hindrance of vegetation at
introduction of crops and pastures:
the land "development" costs.
8. Incidence of above-ground pests and
vectors of diseases: health risks of
humans and animals.
Sumber:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y7220e/y7220e06.htm
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN: MUKA-LAHAN & TERRAIN
LAND SURFACE AND TERRAIN QUALITIES
1. Surface receptivity as seedbed: the tilth condition.
2. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle, machinery, etc.
3. Surface limitations for the use of implements (stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the
arability.
4. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern, determining size and shape of
fields with a capacity for uniform management.
5. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water
erosion.
6. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport.
7. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or
fisheries.
8. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of
ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc.
9. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or
downstream water supply.
10.Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop
damaging by overflow or overblow.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN: TANAH
SOIL QUALITIES
1. Physical soil fertility: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone.
2. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable
zone (i.e. the absence of oxygen).
3. Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients.
4. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of
exchangeable sodium.
5. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its
capacity for soil organic matter turnover.
6. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and
diseases.
7. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials.
8. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals.
9. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and
diseases.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN: SUBSTRAT BAWAH TANAH
SUBSTRATUM OR UNDERGROUND
QUALITIES
1. Groundwater level and quality in relation to
(irrigated) land use.
2. Substratum potential for water storage (local
use) and conductance (downstream use).
3. Presence of unconfined freshwater aquifers.
4. Substratum (and soil profile) suitability for
foundation works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.)
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
KRITERIA DEGRADASI LAHAN
1. Light degradation: The terrain has somewhat reduced
agricultural suitability, but is suitable for use in local
farming systems. Restoration to full productivity is
possible by modifications of the management system.
Original biotic functions are still largely intact.
2. Moderate degradation: The terrain has greatly reduced
agricultural productivity but is still suitable for use in
local farming systems. Major improvements are required
to restore productivity. Original biotic functions are
partially destroyed.
3. Strong degradation: The terrain is non-reclaimable at
farm level. Major engineering works are required for
terrain restoration. Original biotic functions are largely
destroyed.
4. Extreme degradation: The terrain is unreclaimable and
beyond restoration. Original
biotic functions are fully
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
destroyed.
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
EVALUASI LAHAN
Evaluasi lahan adalah
proses penilaian kinerja
lahan bila digunakan
untuk tujuan tertentu,
yang melibatkan
pelaksanaan dan
interpretasi survei dan
studi bentuk lahan, tanah,
vegetasi, iklim dan aspek
lain dari lahan untuk
mengidentifikasi dan
membuat perbandingan
jenis penggunaan lahan
yang sesuai dengan tujuan
evaluasi.
Land evaluation should combine the various
qualities/limitations of the land in relation
to the envisaged use or non-use. Obviously,
the relative value of all land qualities has to
be weighted for each of such uses.
For the physico-chemical qualities of the
land, such as the net soil moisture storage
capacity, the availability of plant nutrients,
or the land surface arability, this weighting
can be done quantitatively.
For a number of the bio-environmental
qualities such as biodiversity or archival
values a qualitative assessment is necessary
which may be non-tangible in an economic
sense.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%2
0related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012
Kualitas Tanah & Pertanian Berlanjut
Mary Barbercheck
[email protected]
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Kualitas Tanah & Pertanian Berlanjut
• Maintain productivity with reduced external inputs
• Provide ecosystem services
–
–
–
–
–
–
Support plant growth
Cycle nutrients
Hold and release water
Exchange gases
Conserve natural enemies and suppress pests
Store carbon
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Kualitas Tanah
1. The ability of a soil to function
within ecosystem boundaries to
support healthy plants and
animals, maintain or enhance air
and water quality, and support
human health and habitation
2. Soil quality integrates the
physical, chemical and biological
condition of the soil
Biological
(Karlen et al. 1997):
Chemical, physical, and biological
properties of soil interact in
complex ways that determine its
functioning and productivity. The
integration of these properties and
the resulting level of soil function
and productivity have been referred
to as soil quality
Diunduh dari:
Physical
Chemical
Soil Properties
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Satu sendok tanah sehat mengandung: ……
 Bacteria
100 million to 1 billion
 Fungi
6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end
 Protozoa
Several thousand flagellates & amoeba
One to several hundred ciliates
 Nematodes
10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders
 Arthropods
Up to 100
 Earthworms
5 or more
Diunduh dari:
Travis & Gugino - PSU
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Jasa-jasa Ekosistem yg dihasilkan oleh Organisme Tanah
1. Many beneficial effects by
activities of soil organisms
2. Decomposition and
mineralization
3. Contribute to plant
nutrition (Rhizobia,
Mycorrhizae)
4. Soil aggregation, aggregate
stability, and porosity
5. Infect, compete with or
antagonize pests
Actinomycetes
Predatory Mite
Ground and rove beetles
Insect-parasitic Fungus
Earthworms and other
ecosystem engineers
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Apa kebutuhan organisme tanah?
•
•
•
•
Space
Water
Air
Food
Diunduh dari:
Rose
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
& Elliot
Gangguan Tanah dalam Pertanian
Full tillage
Moldboard plow based
Diunduh dari:
Minimum tillage
Chisel plow/Cultivator
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Efek Pengolahan Tanah
• Soil organisms more abundant
and more diverse in systems
that reduce soil disturbance
• Organisms vary in sensitivity
• Tillage increases fluctuations
in:
– Lengas Tanah
– Temperatur Tanah
– Residu Tanaman dan BOT
• Pencampuran Tanah
• Kerusakan struktur tanah
• Risiko Erosi
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Pengelolaan BOT
•Roots
•Leaves
•Mulches
•Manures
•Composts
Equilibrium level
of SOM attained
•Harvest
Tillage
Diunduh dari:
•Oxidation
•Erosion
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Crop rotation and
sustainable
agriculture:
Effects of crop
rotation on
soil quality and
productivity
R. Weil, Univ. MD
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Tanaman penutup tanah & Jasa Ekosistem
1. Cover crops can
enhance numbers of
soil organisms
2. Add diversity to system
3. Add food resources for
beneficial insects –
pollen and nectar
4. Residue creates habitat
for predators
5. Compete with weeds
6. Protect soil
7. Soil fertility and
nutrient retention
Hairy Vetch
Buckwheat
Mustard
Diunduh dari:
Photos: T. Pisani Gareau
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Pengelolaan Pertanian: Kualitas Tanah & Jasa Ekosistem
• Continuous resources
– e.g., hay/pasture, perennial crops,
mulches, cover crops, high
root:shoot ratio, controlled grazing,
composts, manures
• Plant and management
diversity
– e.g., crop rotation, refuge strips,
hedgerows, polycultures, cover
crops
• Reduce disturbance
– e.g., woodlands/orchards, pasture,
reduce or rotate tillage, refuges,
perennial crops or cover crops,
reduce biocides
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Jasa-jasa Ecosystem :
Mineralisasi & Immobilisasi
Organisms consume SOM and other
organisms and excrete inorganic wastes
Inorganic
nutrients are
usable by plants,
and are mobile
in soil
Organic nutrients
are stored in soil
organisms and
organic matter
Organisms take up and retain
nutrients as they grow
Diunduh dari:
………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt
Kualitas Tanah
“The capacity of the soil to function within
ecosystem boundaries to:
1) sustain biological productivity,
2) maintain environmental quality, and
3) promote plant and animal health”
Doran & Parkin. 1994.
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
Indikator Kualitas Tanah
1. Encompass ecosystem processes
2. Integrate soil physical, chemical & biological
properties & processes
3. Sensitive to variations in climate & management
4. Applicable to field conditions
5. Accessible to users
6. Components of existing databases
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
SOIL PARAMETERS
• Physical
Bulk density, infiltration, aggregate stability, water-filled
pore space
• Chemical
Total N, NO3-N, P, CEC, pH, soluble salts
• Biological
Microbial biomass C & N, organic C, earthworms
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
METODOLOGI
• Numerically-weighted values (0-1)
• Soil functions:
1. Accommodate water entry (0.2)
2. Accommodate water transfer/absorption (0.2)
3. Resist surface structure degradation (0.2)
4. Support fruit quality & productivity (0.4)
• Multi-level soil-function indicators
• Normalized scoring curves (0-1)
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
MULTI-LEVEL INDICATORS
• Soil function
Resist degradation (0.2)
– Soil-function indicators
Aggregate stability (0.6)
Microbial processes, upper 7.5 cm (0.4)
Organic carbon (0.4)
Microbial biomass N : total N (0.3)
Microbial biomass C : organic carbon (0.3)
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
SCORING CURVES
Scoring
value
1
=
1+
(
B-L
X-L
)
2S(B+X-2L)
B = baseline value where normalized value = 0.5
L = lower threshold
X = value of measured parameter
S = tangential slope at X=B
Wymore. 1993. Model-based systems engineering. CRC Press
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
SCORING CURVE TYPES
1. More is better - positive slopes
2. Less is better - negative slopes
3. Optimum - positive curve reflected at
upper threshold
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
Upper threshold
More is Better
0.75
Lower baseline
0.50
Lower
threshold
Normalized score
1.00
0.25
0.00
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Stable aggregates (%)
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
18
0.00
0
10
Upper threshold
0.25
Upper baseline
0.50
Lower baseline
0.75
Optimum
Optimum
Lower threshold
Normalized score
1.00
20
30
40
50
-1
NO3-N (kg ha )
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
60
Perhitungan Indeks
1. Multiply soil-function indicator scoring value by
its numerical weight (0-1)
2. Sum products of indicators at each level for
each soil function (0-1)
3. Sum soil function scores  soil quality index (01)
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
Hasil Analisis




Integrated & organic systems had improved soil
physical properties
Integrated system had higher chemical nutrient
levels
Integrated system had improved biological
properties
Integrated & organic systems had higher soil
quality index
 Facilitate
water transfer & absorption
 Resist soil degradation
 Sustain fruit quality & productivity
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...
Indeks Kualitas Tanah
Advantages
• Flexible
– Crop systems
– Regions
– Assessment objectives
• Comparative
• Iterative
• Focus research
Limitations
• Subjective
methodology
• Limited data sets
• Soil functions only
– Replant syndrome
– Nitrate leaching
Diunduh dari:
………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...