Transcript Children@20 years An overview of child related policy

Children@20 years
An overview of child related policy
development in the 20 year review
Mastoera Sadan
National Planning Commission, The
Presidency
Overview
• Demographics
• Household
Characteristics and
living arrangements
• Child Poverty
• Basic Services
• Child Support Grant
• Early Childhood
Development
Data Sources
• Trends in respect of children between 1993 and
2011
• Data large-scale national household surveys
• Two at the beginning of period and two at the
end of the period
• PSLSD – Project for Statistics on Living Standards
and Development (1993)
• NIDS – National Income Dynamics Study (2008)
• October Household Survey (1995)
• General Household Survey (2011)
Journey since 1994
• The advent of democracy in 1994 presented the
democratic government with the opportunity to
change the trajectory of all children South Africa
• The Bill of Rights in the Constitution (1996) signalled
the primacy of the rights of children in Section 28
• The South African government ratified the Convention
on the Rights of the Child in 1995 and the African
Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 2000
• Initial period law reform key feature of policy process
• Numerous policy and programme interventions
Child share of the population by
province, 1993-2011 (%)
Eastern Cape
1993
48.7
1995
47.3
2008
44.7
2011
40.4
Free State
39.8
38.7
37.9
36.2
Gauteng
32.1
30.4
29.8
30.5
KwaZulu-Natal
47.0
43.0
43.0
39.6
Limpopo
50.6
51.0
44.4
42.6
Mpumalanga
43.0
43.6
39.4
40.2
Northern Cape
44.7
40.4
34.7
37.5
North West
39.6
40.9
35.5
36.6
Western Cape
34.2
35.4
30.2
32.6
Total
42.5
41.2
37.9
36.8
Household characteristics and living
arrangements
Distribution of children by
household type, 1993-2011 (%)
Source: PSLSD, OHS, NIDS, GHS
Child and adult distribution by area type
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Total pop
Adults
Children
RURAL FORMAL
TRIBAL
AUTHORITY
AREA
URBAN FORMAL
URBAN
INFORMAL
6.6%
7.0%
6.0%
33.7%
28.6%
42.1%
48.6%
53.3%
41.0%
11.1%
11.2%
10.9%
Source: NIDS 2008
Parental co-residence with children,
1993-2011
Source: PSLSD, OHS, NIDS, GHS
Child Poverty
Child Poverty rates 1993-2011
1993 poverty rates
2011 poverty rates
Adults
POVERTY LINE
%
H &Ö Upper bound 65.3
Children
%
82.3
Adults
%
56.5
Children
%
75.0
H &Ö Lower bound
48.3
67.9
37.7
56.4
StatsSA Upper bound 49.7
69.0
38.9
58.2
StatsSA Lower bound 40.1
59.5
28.3
44.4
52.6
35.9
16.9
7.7
27.1
12.2
$2-a-day
$1.25-a-day
34.1
21.6
CHILD POPULATION:
Source: PSLSD, GHS
16 137 000
18 541 000
Child poverty rates by province, 19932011 (using Stats SA lower bound line)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
EC
FS
GT
KZN
LM
MP
NW
NC
WC
Total
1993
75.7
60.2
24.4
65.8
81.2
59.9
57.1
52.7
21.5
59.5
2008
67.6
53.3
35.7
69.1
74.3
53.6
54.2
40.6
29.5
56.8
2011
60.3
45.0
22.2
53.0
61.2
40.3
46.2
47.5
22.5
44.5
Source: PSLSD, NIDS, GHS
Basic Services: Living environment
Percentage of children with access to piped water on
dwelling site by province, 1993-2011 (%)
100
93 92
95
93
94
95
92
90
90
86
80
93
94
90
87
76
76
70
70
66
67
66
63 64
62
60
54
54
51
50
48
47
41
38
40
30
32
43
36
34
33
43
34
31
30
23
20
12
10
0
EC
FS
GT
KZN
LM
1993
Source: PSLSD, OHS, NIDS, GHS
MP
1995
NC
2008
2011
NW
WC
RSA
Percentage of children with access to flush toilet on
dwelling site by province, 1995-2011 (%)
100
91 92
90
88
84
83
79
80
75
69
70
65
61
60
50
62
46
42
40
45
40
37
36
30
20
90 91
88
26
28
25
30
28
27 27
33
30
22 23
18 19
17
10 11
10
13
15
6
0
EC
FS
GT
KZN
LM
1993
Source: PSLSD, OHS, NIDS, GHS
MP
1995
NC
2008
NW
2011
WC
RSA
47
Child Support Grant
• Introduced in 1998
• Paid to caregiver
• Intended to form a
contribution to the
costs of caring for
young children
• Significant policy
reform since
introduction
Child grants
Total Number Of Child Grants For The Period 1997-2012
Grant type
Foster Child
Care
Dependency
Child Support
Total
96/97 98/99
00/01
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
06/07
07/08
08/09
09/10
10/11
11/12
42 999 46 496
66 967
83 574
120 571
195 454
317 434
400 503
454 199
474 759
510 760
512 874
536 747
2 707 16 835
33 574
42 355
76 494
86 917
90 112
98 631
102 292
107 065
110 731
112 185
114 993
21 997 1 111 612 1 998 936 2 996 723 4 165 545
7 075 266
7 863 841
8 189 975
8 765 354
45 706 85 328 1212153 2124865 3314359 4447916
7800246
8362975
8746466
Source: Department of Social Development Socpen system
9 570 287 10 371 950 10 927 731
9347178 10191778 10997009
11579471
Policy issues CSG
• ensure children access the grant from birth,
work with the Department of Health and
Home Affairs to develop a system that is
linked to birth registration
• improve take-rates for older children
• examine the implementation process of the
CSG and learn the lessons from its successful
implementation
Early Childhood Development
Early Childhood Development
• Increase in coverage over period, off a low
base
• Increase in subsidy rate
• Increase in number of children who access
ECD centres
• However current model has limitations
Attendance at ECD service of children under six
years by monthly household expenditure, 2011
(%)
0
Less than R200
R200-R399
R400-R799
R800-R1 199
R1 200-R1 799
R1 800-R2 499
R2 500-R4 999
R5 000-R9 999
10 000 or more
10
20
30
40
50
60
22
30
35
37
40
41
44
47
56
Policy and programme issues
• policy reform required to reconfigure the
delivery model, the current model focuses on
older children 3-5 years;
• develop options for interventions in the early
years;
• develop a human resource strategy;
• additional resources are required.
Conclusion
• Significant progress, challenges remain
Institutional level
• Improved intersectoral collaboration across
programmes;
• Improved integrated service provision;
• Improved collaboration across spheres of
government;
• Improved collaboration with civil society;
• A research strategy that focuses on children
across sectors;
Programme level
Child Support Grant
• a system whereby children are registered at birth
automatically qualify for CSG receipt;
• Take-up rates for older children must be improved;
Early Childhood Development
• a suite of interventions must be developed to increase
coverage, in particular for young children 0-3 years,
with a focus on children in rural areas and those who
live in informal settlements in urban areas;
• the funding envelope must be increased over time;
• a human resource strategy must be developed;