Transcript Topic: Parenting Styles

Topic: Developmental Psychology
• Aim: How do human
beings develop over
time physically &
psycholgically?
• Do Now: Describe
some of the differences
between babies, small
children, teenagers, and
adults? List as many
differences as you can
(they way they think,
act, feel, what they
value, etc.)
Developmental Psychology:
• A field of psychology that focuses on how humans
develop across their life span.
• Nature or nurture?
– Nature: we are who we are due to biology (genetics)
– Nurture: behavior is molded by experiences & environment
Brainstorm and list all the
universal behaviors (behaviors
shared among all cultures) that
you can think of…
8 Week Old Embryo
12 Week Old Fetus
18-Week Old Fetus
24 Week Old (6 months)
Fraternal, Identical Twins:
What’s the difference?
• Fraternal: (dizygotic)
 Separate fertilized eggs
(50% shared genes- no
more genetic similarity
than normal siblings)
• Identical: (Monozygotic)
 Single fertilized egg split
in two = clones
(100% shared genes)
Fraternal vs. Identical:
• Fraternal / Identical twin study findings- provide specifics for the
following:
 Alzheimer’s
Identical =60% / Fraternal=30%
 Extraversion / neuroticism
Identical more similar than fraternal
 Divorce rates
Identical x5.5 vs. fraternal x1.6
 Schizophrenia
50, 10, 3, 1 (identical, fraternal, sibling, stranger)
• What are the limitations of these studies?
 Genetics or environment? How do we differentiate?
What sort of environmental or
behavior influences can impact
how a baby develops in utero (in
the mother’s womb?
Prenatal Influences on Development:
•
•
•
•
Nutrition
Anxiety
Mother’s general health
Maternal age (older = higher chances of defects
on first birth)
• Teratogens: any agent that causes
a birth defect (e.g., drugs, radiation, viruses)
• Disease
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):
– Defects occurring in infants born to mothers that
drink heavily during pregnancy
– leading cause of mental retardation
Newborn Baby…
• What can a baby do/not do when they are first
born?
• What does a woman experience physically and
emotionally immediately after birth?
Infant Reflexes
• Rooting Reflex- turning the head and opening the
mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
• Grasping Reflex
• Startle Reflex
• Babinski - fanning and curling toes when foot is
stroked
Language Development
• Infant preference for human speech:
– before 6 months can hear differences used in all languages
– after 6 months begin to hear only differences used in native
language
• Cooing—vowel sounds produced 2–4 months
• Babbling—consonant/vowel sounds between
4 to 6 months
• Even deaf infants coo and babble
Infant Perception:
Object Permanence
-Babies don’t realize that objects are still there even when
they can’t see them
• Selective Attention
– How long babies will look at something without looking
away
Postpartum Depression & Psychosis:
• PPD short term type of clinical
depression - occurs within the
first 4 weeks after delivery.
• Postpartum Psychosis sudden
onset of psychotic symptoms
following childbirth. A typical
example is for a woman to
become irritable, have extreme
mood swings and
hallucinations, and possibly
need psychiatric
hospitalization.
Imprinting in Animals
Harlow Monkey Studies:
• Took baby monkey away from real mother and
replaced with 2 fake surrogates – a wire ‘mother’
and a cloth ‘mother’
• Money consistently preferred the cloth mother –
even when wire mother offered food
60 Minutes: The Baby Lab
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRvV
FW85IcU
Evolutionary Psychology
 Premise
(Darwins’ ) natural
selection shapes our
behavior, thinking
(over time)
Certain traits,
behaviors that
enhance survival are
passed on over
generations
Questions to Consider
1. Why do infants start to fear strangers about
the time they become mobile?
2. Why are most parents so passionately devoted
to their children?
3. Why do so many more people have phobias
about spiders and snakes than guns and
electricity?
4. Why are men quicker to perceive friendliness
as sexual interest?
Parental Fears…
• Imagine you’re a parent – which, if you had to choose,
would you allow your children to do of these choices,
and why?:
1.) Go to a friend’s house where the parents have several
handguns, or friend’s house where the parents have a
pool in the backyard?
2.) Walk to a store alone late at night or visit a relative’s
house alone?
3.) Would you inspect your child’s Halloween candy
before allowing them to eat it, or not?
Parenting Discussion…
1) How does a parent’s physical affection
impact children?
2) At what age do children no longer want
physical affection from parents? Does gender
matter?
3) How long is it healthy to live with your
parents – why?
Parenting Styles & Child Development:
1. How much do you think your parents influence your
personality?
2. How would you classify your parent’s parenting style (what
kind of parents are/were they?)
3. How much did their parenting style impact who you are?
4. Based on your own experiences, where do you think your
own parenting style would converge (agree) or diverge
(disagree) from your parent’s? Why?
Authoritarian Parents:
• Children are expected to follow the strict rules
• Parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. If
asked to explain, the parent might simply reply,
"Because I said so." These parents have high
demands, but are not responsive to their children.
• Leads to children who are obedient but they rank lower in
happiness, social competence and self-esteem.
Authoritative/Democratic Parents:
• Willing to listen to children
• More nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing.
• Disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than
punitive.
• Results: children are happy, capable and successful
Permissive Parents:
• Few demands to make of their
children.
• Rarely discipline
• More friend than parent.
• Results: children rank low in
happiness and self-regulation likely to experience problems
with authority and perform
poorly in school.
“Helicopter Parents”
Birth Order & Development Discussion:
1. How many siblings do you
have (if any)?
2. Where do you fall in terms of
birth order in your family?
3. How do you think parents
treat/raise children differently
based on birth order?
4. How do you think this impacts
how children grow up and
develop (how does being the
oldest impact your personality
more than being the youngest,
for example)?
•Oldest children tend to have slightly higher IQ’s
(intelligence), weigh more, have higher paying jobs
Child Abuse:
• The physical injury, sexual
abuse, or neglect of children
under 18.
• What do you think some
psychological effects of child
abuse can be on a child’s
behavior and feelings?
• Aim: How do we develop a sense of gender identity?
• What do you think some of the psychological (how
they think, feel, act, respond to thing, etc.) and
biological differences are between men and women?
• Gender identity: the way in which an individual selfidentifies with a gender category (male/female),
Usually formed by age 3.
• Gender identity disorder (GID): describe persons
who experience significant gender dysphoria
(discontent with their biological sex and/or the gender
they were assigned at birth).
UK mom Beck Laxton kept
son's sex a secret for 5 years
to avoid stereotyping
The Transgendered Community:
• General term for those
whose behaviors deviate
extremely from traditional
gender roles
• Feel they were ‘born in the
wrong body’
• Diagnosed with Gender
Identity Disorder
• Gender Reassignment:
surgery & hormone
treatment to change
biological sex
Gender Differences???
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How they think (or what they most think about)
How they feel?
How they communicate?
How they deal with stress or problems?
How they mature?
How they perform in school?
Are impacted by diseases or disorders (prevalence
thereof)
8. Any other behavior you can think of…
Gender Development:
• Children develop a concrete understanding
of gender by age 7, but this develops in
stages from birth:
• 7 months – distinguish male/females faces
• 1 year – distinguishes male/female voices
• 2 years – understands gender stereotypes
(dress, behavior, etc)
• 2-3 – develop a sense of gender identity
• By 7, children believe that gender is a
constant, permanent thing that cannot
change (if mommy wears pants, she’s still a
girl!)
• Men’s brains 8-10% larger - section linked to arithmetic
abilities larger in men (however, women are better at
straightforward math like addition/subtraction, men
better at reasoning problems)
• Women’s brains mature sooner - 2 key language centers
larger in women
• Women process pain signals in the parts of their brains
that handle emotion, while men process same signals in
the analytic regions
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Women:
Has 70% more body fat, possesses 40% less muscle and are 5
inches shorter
Enter puberty 2 yrs. sooner
More likely to smell faint odors, express emotions freely,
speak more words per day
2x more vulnerable to depression & anxiety, and 10X for
eating disorders
Men:
4X more likely to be diagnosed with autism, colorblindness, hyperactivity, and antisocial personality
disorder
More likely to offer opinions, speak assertively, interrupt,
smile less, and stare more; while women are more likely to
express support.
Gender Differences in Aggression:
• U.S. male to female arrest ratio for murder is 9 to 1.
• Men are more likely to offer answers to questions
even when they don’t actually know the answer.
Gender differences show early:
• Boys play in large groups with an activity focus and
little discussion
• Girls play in smaller groups. Their play tends to be
less competitive and they are more open to
feedback then males