Transcript 投影片 1

環境倫理學
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學
環境 與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系
環境倫理
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T00. 簡介：環境倫理與哲學
Part I 倫理與科學
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T01. 道德哲學(moral philosophy)：理性與感性
T02. 道德考量(moral consideration)：倫理與科學
T03. 倫理與經濟：公有財 (The Common Good)
Part II 倫理推定(presumptions)的建構與驗證
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T04.
T05.
T06.
T07.
T08.
責任
品性
關係
權利
後果
(duty)：自然和未來世代
(character)：生態美德
(relationships)：同理心與正直
(rights)：人類與動物
(consequences)：預測未來
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
環境倫理學
Part III 自然學習 (Learning from Nature)
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T09.
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生活：可持續消費
環境政策：政府、機構和NGOs
健康環境：空氣與水
農業：土地與食物
公有地：適應式管理
城鄉生態學：綠色建構
氣候變遷：全球溫化
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
Part II 倫理推定(presumptions)的建構與驗證
T06. 關係(relationships)：同理心
(empathy) and正直 (integrity)
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學
環境 與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系
T06. 關係(relationships)：同理心
(empathy) and正直 (integrity)
責任 (Duty)
責任論的
倫理
Ethics
Deontological
目的論的
Teleological
好行為
Right action
權利 (Rights)
做好
Being good
品行
(Character)
後果
Consequences
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關係
(Relationships)
T06. 關係(relationships)：同理心
(empathy) and正直 (integrity)
We can and do exist in relationships with our natural
surroundings, and any abstract ethical theory that
ignores that will be inadequate.
Evidence from biology that empathy evolved in
primates
The environmental standard of ecosystem
integrity is recognized by law as well as science.
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T06. 關係(relationships)：同理心
(empathy) and正直 (integrity)
6.1.
 6.2.
 6.3.
 6.4.
 6.5.
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empathy is natural
culture and human nature
deep ecology
ecofeminism: a social ecology
ecological integrity
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
6.1 Empathy is natural
After fights between
two combatants, other
chimpanzees would
console the loser.
Chimpanzees, who
cannot swim, have
drowned in zoo moats
trying to save others.
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Given the chance to get food by
pulling a chain that would also
deliver an electric shock to a
companion, rhesus monkeys will
starve themselves for several days.
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Mirror neurons
Monkeys, like humans, have
mirror neurons in their
brains that enable them to
experience what another
monkey is experiencing.
Damage to the
ventromedial prefrontal
cortex of the human brain
reduces a person’s
empathy.
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Mirror neurons
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A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when
an animal acts and when the animal observes the
same action performed by another.
Such neurons have been directly observed in
primate and other species including birds.
Mirror neurons were first described in 1992.
to be one of the most important recent
discoveries in neuroscience.
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Mirror neurons
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The first animal in which mirror neurons have been studied
individually is the macaque monkey.
Mirror neurons are believed to mediate the understanding
of other animals' behavior.
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Mirror neurons
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Brain imaging experiments using functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have
shown that the human inferior frontal cortex and
superior parietal lobe is active when the person
performs an action and also when the person sees
another individual performing an action.
It has been suggested that these brain regions
contain mirror neurons, and they have been
defined as the human mirror neuron system.
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Empathy binds us
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Empathy is natural in human development and
important for doing ethics.
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Humans understand as morality arose among primates
living in social groups.
Ethics has its roots in evolution.
We have evolved as a species with a brain
containing mirror neurons that directly link us to
other persons (and also to members of some other
species).
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Empathy is what binds us in our relationships and
enables us to feel what others are feeling.
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Ethics of care
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Empathy moves us to involve those who care for
us, when we make an ethical decision, instead of
simply following a moral rule or calculating the
likely consequences of acting on our decision.
Caring, empathy, feeling with others, being
sensitive to each other’s feelings, all would be
better guides to what morality requires in actual
contexts than may abstract rules of reason, or
rational calculation, or at least will enrich our moral
ethical reflection.
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6.2 culture and human
nature
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Like other primates, we are social animals.
Our cultural life, however, although natural for us,
set us apart from nature.
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We continue to live in the natural world, but in our
cultural lives transcend (超越) the natural world.
Human culture is also marked by diversity.
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Indigenous culture
Buddhist culture
Modern culture
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
Indigenous culture
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Buffalo Woman in native American.
A buffalo hunter finds and falls in
love with a woman, who says she
comes from the Buffalo Nation.
They marry and she bears him a son.
She leaves to return to her relatives,
because members of his tribe
mistreat the woman and her son.
The hunter tracts his family to a large
herd………..
The hunter turns to be a young
buffalo.
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Buffalo Woman
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The story suggest that the line distinguishing
humans from other animals is ambiguous and
may be crossed by empathy and imagination.
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A Sioux boy was taught
by his grandparents…..
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A Sioux boy
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To shoot your four-legged brother in his hind area, slowing it
down but not killing it. Then, take the four legged’s head in
your hands, and look into his eyes. Look into your
brother’s eyes and feel his pain.
Then, take your knife and cut the four-legged under his chin,
so that he dies quickly. Ask your brother, the four-legged,
for forgiveness for what you do.
Thanks to your four-legged kin for offering his body to you
when you need food to eat and clothing to wear.
Promise that you will put yourself back into earth when
you die, to become nourishment for the earth……..
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Buddhist culture
The dharma (達摩)：Buddha teachings (法)
 The sangha (僧伽)：簡稱為僧，意譯為僧眾、
僧團、教團、和合眾。佛教術語，意指由佛教
出家僧侶所組成的團體，也可用於泛指所有的
佛教僧侶（出家眾、出家人）。
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六道輪迴
 八正道與無漏三學
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六道輪迴
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三善道
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天堂道：受勝妙果報之所。
人間道：人類之生所，能稍修戒善感報而生。
修羅道：大力神之生所。因常懷嗔心而好鬥，故以深山幽
谷為所，與人隔離。
三惡道
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畜生道：禽獸之生所。多以人界為依所，而眼可見。
餓鬼道：求飯食之鬼類生處，與人界共處，但眼不可見。
地獄道：惡人受苦痛之處，在地下受八熱八寒之苦。
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
八正道與無漏三學
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八正道（梵語：Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ）
佛教徒修行達到涅槃的八種方法和途徑。
 戒：正語言、正行為、正職業、正精進
 定：正意念、正禪定
 慧：正見解、正思想
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三學：「戒、定、慧」
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無漏三學是佛法的總綱，學佛的必修科目。
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
Modern culture
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Our culture emphasizes human relationships,
rather then our relationship with nature.
We do not think of ourselves as human animals
and of nonhuman animals as “person”.
We eat hamburgers without any concern for the
suffering of cattle in feedlots and slaughterhouses.
We have pets, visit wild animals in zoos, and watch
nature shows on television, but we live apart from
wild animals.
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Modern culture
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We are beginning to understand that biodiversity
is required for healthy ecosystems.
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Yet, we are doing very little to preserve natural habitats,
and we rely on chemicals to rid our homes and gardens
of organisms that we identify as pests and weeds.
Our life is largely urban, and we live apart from the
animals we consume as food.
Modern form of human culture has altered the
natural environment almost everywhere, so that
the survival and well-being of wildlife now requires
careful management.
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6.3 Deep ecology
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Reject modern culture.
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The cause of the environmental crisis is in the
dominant world view of Western culture, which they claim
values only the human use and consumption of natural
resources.
Accepts the “unity of humans, plants, animals, and
the Earth”.
Biocentric equality: all organisms are equal in
intrinsic worth.
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Yet, the claim of equal worth for all organisms is hardly
self-evident.
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深層生態學
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人類和其他生物，本體就具有「價值」。
生物多樣性，有助於這些生物價值的「實現」。
人類沒有權利減少生物多樣性，除非是為維持人類的基
本需求。
人口宜少，不宜過多。
人類對其他生物已經造成過度干擾，且持續惡化。
政策必要改變，包含經濟、科技和意識形態三者結構性
的改變。
意識形態的改變，對生活品質(life quality)的讚賞(基於
生物的天賦價值)，而不是追求更高的生活享受。大
(bigness) vs. 偉大(greatness)
認同上述觀點者，都有義務參與推動改革。
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
6.4. ecofeminism: a
social ecology
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We can only improve our relationship with nature by
changing the way we live together as men and
women.
Women must see that there can be no liberation for
them and on solution to the ecological crisis
within a society whose fundamental model of
relationships continues to be one of domination.
Ecofeminists point to a number of ways in which
environmental degradation causes a decrease in the
quality of life for women, children, and people of
color.
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A Social ecology
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Ecofeminism is a social ecology.
It recognizes the twin dominations of women and
nature as social problems rooted both in very
concrete, historical, socioeconomic circumstances.
Nurturing healthy relationships with others, and with
nature, should be our goal.
The primary aims of ecofeminism are not the
same as those typically associated with liberal
feminism, for ecofeminists do not seek equality
with men as such, but aim for a liberation of women
as women.
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Ethical presumptions
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Men have as much potential as women to adopt a
deeper environmental awareness, but they will
need to work harder to fully embrace those
values.
We should be suspicious of the language of
domination, address feminist and ecological issues
together, and support the rights of women to make
their own decisions.
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6.5. ecological integrity
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Aldo Leopold, a Land ethic (土地倫理)
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the
integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.
Not all moral philosophers agree that beauty can
serve as a standard for ethical decisions about the
environment, and some argue that stability does
not adequately reflect the dynamic nature of
ecosystems.
But integrity is now a standard for measuring the
health of an environment.
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Law
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The law has begun to protect ecological integrity.
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The current version of the GLWQA states:
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In 1972 the US and Canada agreed to the Great Lakes
Water Quality Agreement(GLWQA), which was
renewed in 1978 and amended by a protocol in 1987.
The purpose of the Parties is to restore and maintain the
chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters
of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.
The 1972 US Clean Water Act affirms ecosystem
integrity.
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Ecological integrity
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Is defined in terms of “three facets of the
self-organization of ecological systems:
(a) current wellbeing (health)
 (b) resiliency
 (c) capacity to develop, regenerate, and evolve.
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問題與討論
Ayo NUTN website:
http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/