Transcript turbines - University of Utah

WIND POWER
Joseph R. Boog
Physics 3150
TEMPERATURE IN SYSTEM EARTH.
[1]
AVERAGE WIND “HOT” SPOTS.
[9]
The picture on the left is the macroscopic tendency of wind patterns on Earth.
These are the major zones of wind movement.
The picture on the right is lower level (200m or less height from ground)
TURBINES
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There are many types of turbines as you will soon see
however as far as principals for removing energy form the
wind there are really only two.
Lifting principals. Where blades are shaped such that “lift” is
created in the direction of wanted rotation. Much like an air
plane.
Drag principals. Simply work off of “cupping” the wind or
allowing the wind to push the blade.
HAWT – HORIZONTAL AXIS
[1] Typically 20% efficient
[3] Evanston, WY.
VAWT – VERTICAL AXIS DARIUS
[1] At most are 50% as efficient as the HAWT
Also known as a Darius.
LOOP WING – NEW HYBRID
[10] Very promising. 40% efficient at 8m/s Gains energy from front and behind and
Is virtually silent. Also starts moving at a very low 1.6 m/s
However needs a proprietary DC motor to deal with torque.
WINDMOTOR’S
[4] Called WindMotors they are small scalable and 100% recyclable. They are
Cost effective and simple. Advantages are low startup speed of around 1 m/s
And the easy of scaling and operation. Great for saving or greatly dropping
Housing electric consumption.
VAWT - SAVONIUS
[1] This is another version of a VAWT however it is different enough to be a
In a different category. These are known as a Savonius. They are typically used when
Reliability and cost are the primary concern and not power output. They are a drag
Style device meaning the extract much less energy. Most anemometers are this
Style.
BETZ LAW. THEORETICAL LIMITS
Theoretical Earth wind potential at 72 TW.
[2] Wind Power. A Danish Company.
MORE EFFICIENCY PLEASE…
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Betz Law at 16/27th’s or 59.3%
Placing turbines in a group to
average out wind bursts and
variation.
Install turbines by the Park efficiency
concepts to avoid any interference
between adjacent turbines.
Capitalize on bottlenecks and hills.
Minimize shearing.
Total Earth “Potential Energy”
Using Betz and “Earth Wind Potential”
Theoretical potential at 42.7 TW
POWER GENERATION
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Large Scale
 Typically Asynchronous induction motors are used to
generate power. They are self limiting and perfect for wind
applications
 Most times high AC voltage (300v to 600v) is created
directly from the generator and is rectified, filtered,
synchronized and fed back into the grid.
Small Scale
 Typically Asynchronous 3 phase motors are used. They have
onboard rectifiers that output unregulated 12 to 48 vDC.
These are perfect for home installations and integration with
12vDC systems.
PRO’S TO WIND POWER
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Free 24 hour Energy minus install costs and maintenance.
Negative Emissions effect. Meaning in 9 months operational
time they have made enough power to offset the power needed
to create it [3].
Very small land foot print. Farmers could farm around the base
of one.
Cheaper per kWh than Nuclear and competitive with Coal
power.
Simple enough to build your own.
Growing community of people believe they add to the
landscapes aesthetics.
CON’S TO WIND POWER
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Major downfall is intermittent or variable output. This is the
major factor limiting 100% wind power.
Noisy depending on make/model. Typically 40 to 60 decibels or
a refrigerators hum to someone practicing the piano.
Growing community disliking their aesthetics
Hazard to flying creatures. However realize that statistically
more birds and bats are killed by cars than windmills[7].
For large scale models they are costly to install.
HORN’S REEF – OFFSHORE CASE STUDY
HORNS REEF - OFFSHORE
2002: 160MW
2009: 209MW
GLOBAL FORECAST
[11]
HIGHLIGHTS OF WIND 2008.
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Worldwide capacity reaches 122 MW. Nearly 28MW added in 2008
Wind grows 28% in 2008
All wind turbines installed by the end of 2008 worldwide are generating 260 TWh
per annum, equaling approx. 1.5 % of the global electricity consumption
The wind sector became a global job generator and has created 440,000 jobs
worldwide.
The wind sector represented in 2008 a turnover of 40 billion €.
For the first time in more than a decade, the USA took over the number one position
from Germany in terms of total installations.
China continues its role as the most dynamic wind market in the year 2008, more
than doubling the installations for the third time in a row, with today more than 12
GW of wind turbines installed.
North America and Asia catch up in terms of new installations with Europe which
shows stagnation.
Based on accelerated development and further improved policies, a global capacity
of more than 1’500’000 MW is possible by the year 2020.
CONCLUSION
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Realize unless the leveling factors, or surging factors of wind
power are solved wind power sadly may never be a primary
100% source for energy. Ways to solve this are :
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1) have many windmills tied together. The surge when averaged over
many windmills over an area is much less.
2) Store energy in any means possible
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Batteries, Pumped Water, Flywheels, or new storage technologies.
Thus far the best combination of turbine geometry, motor
design, and installation is the horizontal axis three bladed wind
work horse.
The global out look is excellent. Wind power is increasing with
leaps and bounds.
CONCLUSION CONTINUED
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Currently wind power is an excellent fuel saver and is critically
un-utilized. Study shows we currently could supplement 70% of
current power consumption using wind essentially reducing
power generation emissions by approx 60%. [5]
It is the fastest growing energy section [2].
The ultimate goal is to be independent of oil and coal energies
and move on to renewable long term energy sources.
Wind power can be a key part of the hybrid power generation
model needed to break the addiction.
REFERENCES
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[1] wikipedia.org
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[2] windpower.org
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[3] vestas.com
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[4] haikoenergy.com
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[5] totalalternativepower.com
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[6] wwindea.org
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[7] world-wind-energy.info
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[8] wind-energie.de
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[9] howstuffworks.com
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[10] loopwing.co.jp
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[11] gwec.net
QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION
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ASK AWAY!
WHY DO WE ONLY SEE 3 BLADE HAWT’S?
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Turns out that the optimal case of efficiency
with generators, properties of wind and
manufacturing costs is HAWT’s with 3 blades.
Also because of Inertial moments it is a very
poor decision to have an even number of
blades. Will wreak havoc on bearings because
of wobble.
Less blades mean less torque and more speed.
In the case of power generation this is optimal.
More blades equals more torque, slower speed
and more stress on the mechanical parts.
Configuration is good for slow high torque
applications like grinding grain, or pumping
water.
[2] Wind Power.
COST AND WATTAGE
Kw vs Wind velocity
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cost per KwH for different energy types.
$0.35
$0.30
$0.25
Low
High
$0.20
$0.15
$0.10
$0.05
$0.00
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Fuel Cell
Solar