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NEW EU MEMBERS OF CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
Introduction
Tibor Palánkai
Emeritus Professor
Corvinus University of Budapest
Master Course
2014
Prof. Palánkai Tibor
Pattern of CEE Region
The countries of CEE region differ in many respect, and
often substantially. The heritage of division
between East and West is further complicated by
great historical, economic, social, cultural
differences among the countries of the former
Soviet Empire and Balkan. We can examine these
countries according several parameters, we can
distinguish in several type of groupings.
Groups of CEEcs
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The six CEcs, the "Visegrad Four" (Czech and
Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland), Slovenia
and Croatia.
Balkan countries: Eastern Balkan (Bulgaria
and Romania) and Western Balkan: Albania,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia (Kosovo),
Macedónia, Monte Negro.
Baltic republics: Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.
Former Soviet Union. Often considered as
„Eastern Europe”.
CENTRAL EUROPE
The six Central European countries - Eastern Central
Europe.
Distinguished from Western Central Europe (old EU
members), countries, like Austria, Italy (Northern
part) or Germany (Bavaria) or even Switzerland.
All joined EU in the first round from 2004, except
Croatia, which entered the Union in 2013.
Romania and Bulgaria often claim to be Central
European (joined in 2007).
BALKAN
Balkan or South European (Mediterranean) countries:
Romania and Bulgaria or “Eastern Balkan”. In EU from
2007.
„Western Balkan” countries: they have or negotiate
(Albania, Serbia (Kosovo), Monte Negro and BosniaHerzegovina)
Stabilisation
and
Association
Agreements, prospective members. (Confirmed at
Thessalonica by European Council on June 19-20,
2003.) Macedonia submitted EU membership
application, but negotiations not yet started.
FORMER SOVIET UNION
Former Soviet Union - Russia, Belarus, Ukraine,
Moldova and Caucus (Azerbaijan, Armenia and
Georgia). Covered by New Eastern Policies.
The former Soviet ruled Central Asian countries
face similar problems of transformation.
Later have strong traditional relations to Russia,
but their language (mostly Turk) and culturereligion (Islam) differ substantially.
RELATIONS TO THE EU
Ten new members in the EU: Eastern Central
Europe, Eastern Balkan and Baltic countries,
Pre-accession stage: Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia
and Monte Negro,
Prospective future EU members: Western Balkan,
(association till membership realised)
RELATIONS TO THE EU
Seeking EU membership, but so far rejected:
Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia,
(associations offered),
No EU membership sought or foreseen: Russia,
Central Asia and so far Belarus (it may change).
PATTERN OF DIFFERENCES
1. Differences in levels of development.
2. State, speed and the depth of the transformation.
3. The differences in economic situation and
stabilization.
4. The social and political situations,
5. State of internal ethnic relations,
6. State of global (EU) integration,
7. Differences in historical, cultural, religious traditions.
Differences in Levels Development
The level of development of Netherlands is only
60% higher of that of Portugal,
• The level of development of CEEcs (new EU10),
on average, is about 1/3-1/2 of the old EU15 (23 times differences),
• The difference between SL-CZ, and EL and PT
is minimal,
• The differences between SL and BG is 2 times,
• Difference between NL and BG is 3 times.
Differences in Levels Development 2012
The population of West-Balkan candidates is only about 17
million, absorption possible easily.
But high differences in level of development.
Macedonia
35% (EU 27=100)
Serbia
35%
Montenegro
43%
Bosnia-Herzegovina
28%
Albania
30%
Norway
195%
Switzwerlans
160%
Structure of economies of CEE
Industrialization started in the last third of 19th
century in CE, but only few sectors of modern
industries emerged. The two world wars brought
great damages. Others remained agricultural
countries. The rapid industrialization during the
1950s and 1960s turned the CEEcs into semideveloped industrial economies, accompanied
by rapid urbanization. Their export structures
was not competitive on Western markets.
Rapid modernisation and restructuring after 1990.
Historical cultural and religious
traditions
Central Europe: Historically linked to Roman empire (Latin
influences on culture),
Competition for influence by Germany and Russia, etc.
Catholic, Protestant and Jewish religious dominances.
Balkan: Historical links to Byzantine and Ottoman empire,
Russia historically seeking influence,
Orthodox, Islam and Jewish religious traditions.
Baltics: Competition for region among Sweden, Denmark,
Germany and Russia.
Protestant,Orthodox and Jewish influences and traditions.
History of nation building
There are 16 countries in the region (before 1990 only 8),
(collapse of SU and YU, - due to democratisation, and
acceptance of "self-determination"),
Newly created or re-created after 1990 (shorter or longer
existence before for example during the war): Croatia,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia or Monte
Negro, Ukraine etc.
Others existing already in 1990 (no border change)
Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania (some being
independent kingdoms for longer time – Czechs also),
Each major ethnicities have their own state (except 6
million Roma), but no pure nation state (minorities).
Size of the Countries
2 larger countries: Poland 36 million and Romania 24
million population,
4 countries with about 10 million population: Bulgaria,
Czech Republic, Hungary, and Serbia,
5 small countries (around 3-6 million): Albania, BosniaHerzegovina, Croatia, Lithuania and Slovakia,
5 mini-states (2 million or less): Estonia, Latvia, Macedonia,
Monte Negro and Slovenia.
END
Thank you very much
Prof. Palánkai Tibor