UNIT 9 - Our Lady of Lourdes High School
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Transcript UNIT 9 - Our Lady of Lourdes High School
UNIT 9
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Developmental Psychology
Examines how people are continually developing
Physically, Cognitively and Socially
Mainly focuses on three major issues
Nature vs Nurture – genetics vs environment
Continuity and Stages- are we constantly, gradually changing
or do we go step by step through our lives
Stability and Change – Are we destined to be the same person
for our whole life or does our personality change?
Conception
Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have
Men start producing sperm at puberty
200 million sperm released, all trying to get to 1 egg, 85,000x
their size
Sperm release a digestive enzyme to break down its protective
coating
Prenatal Development
Zygotes- fertilized eggs
Inner cells become embryo
Over 6 weeks time, organs form and heart beats
By 9 weeks, it’s a fetus
6 mos, fetus has almost fully developed, and has the highest
chance of survival
Also responsive to sound, hear the mother’s voice
Newborns will respond to their mother and recognize their voice
compared to other women
Prenatal Development
Outer cells of the Zygote become the placenta
responsible for transferring nutrients and oxygen from mother to
fetus
Also screens toxins that may harm baby
Teratogens – harmful agents like viruses and drugs
Not everything can get filtered out though
HIV, heroine, smoke, alcohol
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
prolonged exposure to alcohol can cause birth defects
(disproportional head) and life long brain abnormalities
The Newborn
Babies come equipped with certain behaviors
that will ensure their survival
Withdrawing limbs to avoid pain
moving head away from something blocking
airway
touching on the cheek will get their attention for
feeding (rooting reflex)
Babies can see and categorize things
Habituation – no longer responding to a stimulus
Focus on faces
8 – 12 inches away grabs our attention more
Brain Development
At birth, you have most of the brain cells you will ever have
23 billion neurons
Connections grow as you age
from 3 to 6 frontal lobes grow rapidly
Association areas – thinking and memory – are the last to
develop
after puberty, connections that aren’t used are pruned
Strengthens pathways that exist
Motor Development
Movt in babies is almost universal
Roll over before they sit up
crawl before they walk
Identical twins often end up sitting up or walking
on nearly the same day
Genetic influence
Muscle control, including toilet training takes time
Infant Memory
Earliest memories usually from about 3 years and
older
Infantile Amnesia – inability to remember or
misremember things before the age of 4
Babies are also capable of learning
Mobile Experiment
Cognitive Development
Cognition – all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing,
remembering and communicating
Jean Piaget
Intelligence tests for children
Studied their wrong answers
Many kids got the same questions wrong for the same
reasons
Children reason differently than adults
Cognitive Development
Schemas
Concepts or frameworks that we use to interpret
new ideas
Assimilation – interpreting new ideas in terms of old
ones (schemas)
Accommodation – adjusting our schemas to new
information
Piaget’s Theory
Children go through 4 stages of development
Sensorimotor stage
Birth – almost 2
We learn through our senses
Touching, mouthing, looking, grasping
Out of sight out of mind
Object permanence
Piaget
Preoperational Stage
2 – 6 or 7
Using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Conservation
Quantity remains the same despite its shape
Egocentrism
Difficulty perceiving things from another’s POV
Theory of Mind
Being able to think from another’s perspective
Teasing, empathy, persuasion
Theory of Mind
Anne the Doll and Band Aid box experiments
Lev Vygotsky
Inner speech
Children learn better and can work through
problems easier when they are speaking out loud
Concrete Operational
Stage
7 – about 11
Changes in understanding
Grasping of logic and reason
Understand conservation
Mathematics and language
Better understanding of word problems
Reversing equations
8 + 4 = 12, so what is 12 - 4 = ?
Formal Operational
By 12
abstract thinking
deducing consequences and hypothetical
questions
If this, then that
If John is in school, then Mary is in school. John is
in school, so what can you deduce about Mary?
Piaget Today
One of the most influential researchers
of the 20th century
Researchers think today that
development is more continuous rather
than going through distinct stages
Social Development
Infant parent bonding
at about 8 months, there is a development of
stranger anxiety
hard to assimilate new faces with existing schemas
Origins of attachment
Harlow’s monkey experiment
Attachment – emotional tie with another person
Monkeys grew attached to blankets in their cages
Surrogate mothers
Attachment
Familiarity
Imprinting
the forming of attachments during critical periods
of a child’s life
In some animals, the first moving thing they see
becomes their mother
Kids like to watch the same movies and tv shows,
read the same books, eat the same foods
Familiarity is safety
Parenting and
temperament
secure vs insecure attachment
Parents who are more sensitive to their children’s
needs tend to have more securely attached
children
easy babies vs difficult babies
shy 2 yr olds usually become shy 8 yr olds
and introverted teens
Nurturing Nature
Mothers with training on how to handle difficult
babies
Mother Care vs Father Care
More research has been done looking at mothers
caring for children than fathers
Maternal deprivation vs father absence
A father’s affection and acceptance is
comparable to the mothers when raising a
healthy child
Erikson’s basic trust
Kids see the world as predictable and reliable
Trust rather than fear
Neglect
Humans and primates who are neglected as
babies grow up without social skills
Often fear being in environments with others and
can act aggressively
More likely to commit child abuse
When placed in homes where they wont be
neglected, most kids can recover
Day Care – when stimulating can be good for
kids, when boring can have negative effects on
development and grades
Self Concept
An understanding and assessment of you you are
Usually have this idea by 12
Darwin thought it happens when we can
recognize ourselves in the mirror
happens gradually over the first year
When make up is applied to kids, they recognize
that it is on their face, not another person in the
mirror
Parenting styles
1. Authoritarian
impose strict rules and expect obedience
“because I said so!”
2. Permissive
parents submit to their kids desires
make few demands and rarely punish
3. Authoritative
both demanding and responsive
Set rules and enforce them, but also explain them
Allow exceptions to rules when discussing rules
with older kids
Parenting Styles
Researchers agree that kids with
highest self esteem
self reliance
social competence
all come from parents with authoritative styles
Why?
Children’s traits may influence parenting
techniques more than vice versa
Genetics?
Competent children the offspring of competent
parents
Gender Development
We are in most ways, alike
There are a number of differences
Women
enter puberty 2 yrs earlier
live 5 yrs longer
carry 70% more fat
have 40% less muscle
is 5 inches shorter
express emotion more freely
more susceptible to depression
but less likely to become alcoholics or commit
suicide
Gender Gaps
men admit to more aggression
physical vs verbal
men are perceived as more dominant, forceful
and dominant
men place more importance on this too
Social connectedness
Boys more often play in large groups and engage is
less intimate conversations
More competitive
Male Answer Syndrome
Gender Gaps
Women hold bonds more important as well as
feelings of support
Men value freedom and self reliance
The Nature of Gender
X chromosomes come from Women
Y chromosomes come from men
Responsible for producing testosterone
Exposing a female to testosterone in the womb
will have an impact on their development and
behavior
Tomboys – even with some physical traits
Still identify themselves as girls
Nurture of Gender
Gender roles
Expectations about how sexes are supposed to
behave
Who does the following
Drives the car?
Picks up the check?
Does laundry?
Does yard work?
Cooks dinner?
Decorates the home?
Selects gifts?
Child Rearing
Gender Identity
Sense of being male or female
Social learning theory says that we learn this through
our interactions, observing and imitating as well as
being punished or rewarded for these behaviors
Schemas and cognition also play a role
Children are aware that 2 different types of people
exist and can categorize behaviors done by these
types
Forms stereotypes
Parents and Peers
Genes decide the structure of our brain, but
experience fills in the details
More experience increases brain development
as infants grow
Exposure to toys and touch increases brain weight
too
Pruning
This is why its easier to learn new languages at
younger ages
Credit or Blame the Parents
Is it right to blame parents for their kids
shortcomings or give them credit for their
successes?
Pushy and overbearing vs uninvolved and distant
Family values show up in political beliefs, religious
beliefs and personal matters
However, many researchers have found that kids
from the same family are often as different as any
two kids interviewed at random
Parents may not be the sole reason that kids turn
out the way they do
Peers
especially during childhood and adolescence
we seek to fit in
This can have major impacts on our behavior
Kids who don’t like a type of food, will eat it around
other kids that do
Accents will be more like the ones they hear at
school than at home
Teens smoking modeled by friends, even when no
smokers at home
Adolescence
The years spent changing from a child to an
adult
Tension between biological maturity and social
dependence
A time of storm and stress
Sexual maturation causes a flood of hormones to be
released – mood swings
Secondary sex characteristics
Facial hair, breast development, deeper voices
Cognitive Development in
Teens
Reasoning is usually focused on the self
“You wouldn’t understand!”
“You don’t know what its like!”
Grows to being able to think about others point
of view
Being able to think hypothetically
developing morality
Morality
Preconventional morality
Kids before 9
Only do things to avoid punishment or gain a
concrete reward
Conventional
early adolescence
caring for others, following the rules simply because
they are the rules
Postconventional
Things are right because others have rights, ethics
come into play
Morals
Social intuitionist
Moral feelings precede moral reasoning
Moral paradoxes
Runaway trolley examples
Gut feelings
Emotional areas of the brain activate differently
depending on the situation
Social Identity
Identity
Our sense of self, often found by trying out different
versions through our lives
Social Identity
Who am I – based on group memberships
Erik Erikson
stages of life each have certain tasks that we must
complete before we can mature and have our
identity
Erikson’s Stages of
Development
Infancy – up to 1 yr old
Trust vs Mistrust
If needs are met, infants will develop a sense of
trust
Toddlerhood – 1-3 yrs
Autonomy vs self doubt/shame
Figuring things out on their own
Preschool – 3-6 yrs
Initiative vs guilt
accomplishing things of feeling guilty about not
Erikson
Elementary School – 6 – puberty
Industry vs inferiority
Applying yourself to a task or feeling like a failure
Adolescence – teens into 20s
identity vs role confusion
refining sense of self or becoming confused about
who you really are
Young adulthood – 20s-40s
intimacy vs isolation
having close relationships or being socially isolated
Erikson
Middle Adulthood – 40s – 60s
Generativity vs stagnation
Contributing to society through work or family, or
feeling worthless
Late adulthood – 60’s and up
Integrity vs despair
looking back at life with satisfaction or regret
Emerging Adulthood
From 18 to mid 20’s some teens pull away from
parents, but are not completely able to care for
themselves
Happens more in the West than in other parts of
the world
In between stage of life
Adulthood
Development continues as we age
Physically
20’s
Strength, reaction time, sensory keenness are all at
their height
As we age, physical tasks get harder, sounds
mute, and visual ability declines
More susceptible to life threatening ailments, less
to colds
Cognitive Ability
Dementia
mental erosion
can be caused by small strokes, tumors, alcohol
dependence
Alzheimer’s
affects 3% of the population
Memory goes first then reasoning
Physically active, non obese are at less of a risk
As well as those who continue to challenge their
mind – active readers
Cognitive Ability
Aging and Memory
Early adulthood is the peak time for memories
Prospective Memory
“Remember to..” remains strong through life
Recalling information declines with age
Cognitive Ability
Aging and Intelligence
Research has been done in phases
Phase I – Cross Sectional
Comparing people to one another
Looking at various age groups
Phase II – Longitudinal
Retesting the same people over the course of time
Sometimes intelligence increased
Phase III – Depends on various factors
Maybe smarter people live longer
Intelligence slows down, doesn’t make you less intelligent
Cognitive Ability
Crystallized vs Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized increases over time
Accumulated knowledge
Vocab and analogies
Fluid decreases over time
Reason quickly and abstractly
Most mathematicians and scientists produce
their best work in their 20s
Creative writers tend to produce their best later
in life