Transcript AH9 – Outline #1 – Chapter 1

AH9 – Outline #1 – Chapter 1
Wherever people live, they have
shaped their environment to suit
their needs. The Human ability to
change the environment, however,
is limited. Often, people must
adapt their agriculture, industry,
arts, and daily habits to their
surroundings. It is important to see
the connections between people
and their environment.
I. The Global Environment
A.
Geography =
Study of people, their environments
and their sources
How the natural environment affects
the way we live and how we affect the
environment
B.
The 5 Themes of Geography
1. Location = Where did it
happen? To answer this we turn to
relative and exact location.
a.
Relative Location =
the location of a place in relation to
another
can help explain why people settled in
certain areas or why battles took place
in certain areas
b.
Exact (absolute) Location =
use of grid numbered lines on a
map or globe
c.
Latitude =
measure North and South from the
Equator
+ Equator =
imaginary line at 0 degrees
latitude, divides the Earth into two
halves called hemispheres
middle from the two poles
d.
Longitude =
measures distance East and West
of the Prime Meridian
+ Prime Meridian =
runs through Greenwich, England
Zero degrees
middle of nothing
2. Place = Geographers describe
places in terms of their physical and
human characteristics.
Physical Features =
include climate, soil, vegetation,
animal life, and bodies of water
natural resources (or materials that
humans can use from the
environment)
Human Features =
kinds of houses, means of
transportation, ways of earning a
living, languages, and religions
3. Interaction between People
and their environment = wherever
people live, they change the world
around them. They may clear
forests, blast tunnels through
mountains, or plow fields.
How did the Native Americans
adapt =
learned to plant seeds and grow
food, not having to be nomadic
Irrigation or bringing of food into
dry lands with American southwest
natives.
Arid lands into productive lands
b. Today’s Adaptations =
Advanced technology changes the
environment dramatically
wiped out pests
take oil from the ocean floor
4. Movement = the fourth theme
is Movement, the movement of
people, goods, and ideas.
a. Why does movement occur? =
because people and resources are
scattered unevenly around the globe
b. Migration =
people travel from place to place to
get what they need
early hunters followed the herds of
large animals to the Americas
Freedom of religion, etc. to the
Americas
5. Region = has unifying
characteristics, either physical or
human / cultural
a.
Physical Characteristics =
a region's climate or landforms
dictate an areas attributes
b. Human / Cultural
Characteristics =
the language, culture, customs of a
particular region
II. Tools of Geography =
geographers use globes and maps
to represent the Earth. Globes tend
to be more accurate than maps due
to globes being shaped more like
the Earth. A map is a drawing of
the surface of the Earth or part of
the Earth. Globes are the most
accurate, but are awkward to use.
+ Cartography – the act of
mapmaking
A.
Map Projections =
ways of drawing the Earth on a flat
surface
benefits and drawbacks, show sizes
or shape, but distorts
1. Mercator Projection =
most widely used map projections
developed in 1569 by Flemish
cartographer
gave sailors an accurate picture of
ocean distances and shape of
landmasses
a.
Problems with Mercator
Projection =
distorts size, especially places that
are far from the Equator
Greenland appears as big as all of
South America
2.
Robinson Projection =
show correct sizes and shapes of
landmasses for the most part
fairly accurate view of the
relationship between landmasses
and water
used often today
distortion along the edges
B. Special Purpose Maps =
geographers have developed many
kinds of maps to show different
information. Using this
information, you can learn a lot
about a region.
1.
Physical maps =
show mountain ranges, bodies of
water, etc.
2.
Political Maps =
features determined by people
boundaries for countries and states,
locale of cities
3.
Thematic Maps =
maps that deal with specific topics,
that help understand the
connections between geography and
history
a.
Population Maps =
# of people in a particular area
b.
Economic Maps =
how people make a living in an area
c.
Battle Maps =
locations of major battles and the
routes of advancement and/or retreat
4. Today, cartographers use the
improved technology of satellites
and computers to make maps
extremely accurate.