Transcript Water Cycle and Groundwater Notes

Water Cycle
and
Groundwater
Water Cycle
and Groundwater
Water can be all 3 states of matter – solid, liquid, gas
Percentages of water on Earth:
75% of earth is covered with water, of that:
 ~97.2% salt water
 ~2% frozen in glaciers
 ~0.6% deep underground
 ~0.2% surface water
 ~0.01% in atmosphere
Water in ground water is 50 times more than all the lakes
and rivers combined!
Water is the Universal Solvent;
IT CAN DISSOLVE ANYTHING
It is a polar molecule;
A molecule whose
atoms have a slight
negative and positive
electric charge
Water Cycle
Hydrosphere: the
sphere of water that
surrounds the earth,
including the water
in the atmosphere,
groundwater,
running water,
lakes, oceans and
glaciers.
Water Cycle
-movement of
water from
one part of
the
hydrosphere
to another.
Water Cycle
Evaporation: heat from the sun causes water to
change into a gas called water vapor; energy is
absorbed BY THE WATER , evaporation is a
COOLING process (area evaporated from cools)
Transpiration: process where water moves up
through a plant, eventually exiting through tiny
holes in the leaves
(Evapotranspiration: combination of evaporation
and transpiration)
(Sublimation - conversion from solid to gas, w/o
liquid stage; process of snow and ice changing
water vapor w/o first melting into water)
Water Cycle
Condensation: water vapor changing into liquid in the
atmosphere to form clouds; energy is released BY THE
WATER, condensation is a WARMING process, area
condensed onto warms.
(Deposition - opposite of sublimation; where water vapor changes
directly into ice—such a snowflakes and frost)
Precipitation: condensed water falling to the ground
as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Runoff: water that neither soaks into the ground nor
evaporates, but instead flows across Earth’s surface
and eventually into streams, lakes, or oceans.
Where does water go?
Ground water - water that soaks into the
ground and collects in the pore spaces between
particles of rock and soil
Ground Water
Water budget: income and spending of water for a
region. (expected income vs. expenditures)
Extra moisture is stored in the soil – stored between
the grains
Recharge = continued rainfall – soil becomes
saturated, water table rises
Surplus = rainfall is greater than the need and soil
water storage is full
Too little moisture - time of soil ‘usage’
Deficit = need for moisture is greater than the
rainfall and the soil water storage is gone.
Ground Water
Porosity: the
percentage of a
material’s volume that
is pore space, how
much water that rock
or soil can hold
Permeable: describes
rock or soil that has
connecting pores that
allow water to pass
through easily
Ground Water
Ground Water
Capillary: rate at which water is pulled
upward from the water table into pore
spaces by capillary action (the larger the
pore space the poorer the capillary action)
Impermeable: rock or soil that has very
small pores, preventing water from passing
through (aquitard)
Ground Water
Ground Water
Aquifer: layer of permeable rock that has
connecting pores and transmits water freely
Ground Water
Zone of Aeration: area where the pores
are filled with air, usually near the ground
surface
Water Table: top of the zone of saturation
Zone of Saturation: area where all the
pores in a rock are completely filled with
water, usually below the ground surface
Ground Water
Artesian Well: well in which water under
natural pressure rises to the surface
without being pumped
Ground Water
Spring: point at
which that water
table meets
Earth’s surface,
causing water to
flow from the
ground
Hot spring
spring of warm groundwater, caused when
the water is heated by rocks that contact
magma under Earth’s surface
Hot springs
Geyser
: hot spring of
groundwater
that erupts
periodically,
shooting water
and steam into
the air
Geyser
Cave
large underground opening formed when
groundwater gradually dissolves rock
Karst Topography
regions
characterized
by sinkholes,
sinkhole
ponds, lost
rivers and
underground
drainage.
Karst
Topography
Karst Topography
Sink Holes
(within Karst Topography)
• A substance that is either present in an
environment where it does not belong or
is present at levels that might cause
harmful effects to humans or the
environment
http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/abc/contaminant.htm
Contaminant
http://www.geoanalysis.com/groundwater_modeling_3Dviz.htm
• Point Source Pollutions – Originating from
a single , identifiable source, such as a
discharge pipe from a factory or a sewage
plant.
• Non-Point Source Pollution- A
contributory factor to water pollution that
cannot be traced to a specific spot; for
example: pollution that results from water
runoff from urban areas, construction sites,
and agricultural operations.
• VOC- Volatile Organic Compounds
How
Many
Faces
Do
You
See?