2.2

Using the Minimum Standards in Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion

1. Hygiene promotion 2. Water supply 3. Excreta disposal 4. Vector control 5. Solid waste management 6. Drainage

Hygiene promotion standard 1: programme design and implementation

“All facilities and resources provided reflect the vulnerabilities, needs, and preferences the affected population. Users are involved in the management and maintenance of hygiene facilities where appropriate.” (



please see page 60 of the 2004 Edition)

Water supply standard 1: access and water quantity

Doctors Without Borders photo

“All people have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene,. Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enable use of the minimum water requirement.”

Water supply standard 2: water quality

“Water is palatable, and of sufficient quantity to be drunk and used for personal and domestic hygiene without causing significant risk to health.”

OXFAM photo

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?

Water supply standard 3: water use facilities and goods

Overland Solutions.com photo

“People have adequate facilities and supplies to collect, store and use sufficient quantities of water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene and to ensure that drinking water remains safe until consumed”

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?

Excreta disposal standard 1: access to, and number of, toilets

“People have adequate numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings, to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all times of the day and night.”

American Red Cross photo - Brian Hatchell

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?

Excreta disposal standard 2: design, construction and use of toilets

“Toilets are sited, designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use”

Grouped VIP toilets

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?

Vector control standard 1: individual and family protection

“All disaster-affected people have the knowledge and the means to protect themselves from disease and nuisance vectors that are likely to represent a significant risk to health or well being.”

Togolese Red Cross volunteers demonstrate how to properly use an insecticide-treated bednet - Canadian Red Cross photo by Marko Kokic

Vector control standard 2: physical, environmental and chemical protection measures

“The numbers of

disease vectors that pose a risk to people’s health and nuisance vectors that pose a risk to people’s well-being are kept to an acceptable level.”

Vector control standard 3: chemical control safety

“Chemical vector control measures are carried out in a manner that ensures that staff, the people affected by the disaster and the local environment are adequately protected, and avoids creating resistance to the substances used.”

larviciding photo from www.chesapeake.va.us/.../

Solid waste management standard 1: collection and disposal

People have an environment that is acceptably uncontaminated by solid waste, including medical waste, and have the means to dispose of their domestic waste conveniently and effectively

Drainage standard 1: drainage works

People have an environment in which the health and other risks posed by water erosion and standing water, including storm water, flood water, domestic wastewater and wastewater from medical facilities, are minimised.”

Photo from www.tamilnet.com

Visualizing the indicators…

Hygiene Promotion:

• • • • •

Key risks are identified Programmes include mechanisms for participation All groups have equitable access Messages address key behaviors and misconceptions Users take responsibility for maintenance and management (



please see page 60 of the 2004 Edition) Q.

How many hygiene promoters/community mobilisers should be provided in a camp situation?

Visualizing the indicators…

WATER SUPPLY:

• • • • •

Water Supply – average of 15 liters of water per person per day The maximum distance from any household to nearest water point is 500 meters Queuing time no more than 15 minutes No more than 3 minutes to fill a 20 litre container Water is available consistently and on a regular basis (



please see page 63 of the 2004 Edition)

The maximum distance from any shelter to nearest water point is 500 meters There is at least 1 water point for 250 people (



please see page 65 of the 2004 Edition)

Water Supply “average use is at least 15 liters of water per person per day”

So… 20,000 people would need 20,000 X 15 liters = 300,000 liters per day. This amounts to a storage container of 300 cubic meters. That is to say a cube of water 6m x 7m x7m.

What does this mean for planning and programming?

300 cu. m. =… 10 X 30,000 liter bladder tanks or 30 X 10 tonne water tankers

Children from Dos Puertas, El Salvador drawing water from newly installed tapstands. (Tank behind is 10,000 liter capacity.) Part of earthquake emergency response.

Photo: Rachel Stabb/OXFAM ?

What issues or questions must you investigate about this situation if you want to evaluate the project using the Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in • • • • • • • • • Disaster Response?

Oxfam type tanks - typical sizes, volumes

Assuming these tanks can each be filled once daily, how many people can each tank support in an emergency camp? Assume working volume to be 90% of nominal volume.

6.4 m 2.5 m

10,500 liters 45,000 liters 70,000 liters

nominal storage capacities

95,000 liters

Some Sphere water quality indicators:

•

No fecal coliforms per 100ml water at delivery point

•

residual free chlorine @ 0.5 mg per liter of water

•

turbidity below 5 NTU (



please see pages 66 & 67 of the 2004 Edition) Q

. What does all of that mean?

E. coli are bacteria, full name is Escherichia Coli

http:// lake access.org/russ/turbidity.htm

What in the world are Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU’s)?

They are the units we use when we measure Turbidity. The term Nephelometric refers to the way the instrument estimates how light is scattered by suspended particulate material in the water. The Nephelometer, also called a turbidimeter, attached to the RUSS unit has the photocell (similar to the one on your camera or your bathroom nightlight) set at 90û to the direction of the light beam to estimate scattered rather than absorbed light. This measurement generally provides a very good correlation with the concentration of particles in the water that affect clarity.

Comparative examples of effect of varying NTUs from different causes

http://lake access.org/russ/turbidity.htm

Some water use facilities and goods indicators:

•

2 containers for water collection of 10-20 liters each per household (narrow neck and or cover)

•

1 water storage vessel of 20 liters per household (narrow neck and or cover)

•

250 g of soap per person per month

•

separate bathing cubicles for men and women (where communal)

•

1 clothes washing basin per 100 people where communal (provide separate private laundering areas for women only)

What’s right, What’s wrong? Why?

UNICEF photo: S. Noorani Afghan children collect water from a hand pump provided by UNICEF in the Naser Bagh refugee settlement in Peshawar, Pakistan.

CDC photo Locally available, 20-liter plastic jerry cans, used in A large-scale implementation project funded by the CARE/CDC Health Initiative that is being incorporated into CARE’s Programme MAHAVITA

Tanker, bladder tank, and tapstand. What indicators would apply in the design, layout, purchasing or installation of these components?

Some Sphere excreta disposal indicators:

•

Maximum 20 people per toilet

•

use by households or segregated by sex

•

no more than 50m from dwellings and no more than 1 minute’s walk

•

latrines and soakaways (in most soils) are at least 30 meters away from any groundwater source, and bottom of pits at least 1.5 meters above water table.

Explain this picture - what does it tell you?

New Shamshatoo Camp, Peshawar, Pakistan, August, 2001 - InterWorks photo

If there are 35,000 people in this camp, how many latrines are needed? Where do you put them in the camp?

Some layout and accessibility indicators Trash Bin 15* m



Latrine Garbage Dump/Pit

* 2000 Sphere Edition

Some Sphere solid waste indicators:

•

All households have access to a refuse container and/or are no more than 100 meters from a communal refuse pit.

•

One 100 liter refuse container is available for every 10 families, where domestic waste is not buried on site.

InterWorks photo

Some Sphere site drainage indicators:

•

Areas around dwellings and water points are kept free of standing wastewater, and stormwater drains are kept clear

•

Shelters, paths and water and sanitation facilities are not flooded or eroded by water

Kabul, Afghanistan, 2003 – InterWorks photo

What’s right, what’s wrong, and why?

Boys at water tap stand, Albania Camp Hope, Albania, after rains of 22 June, 1999

Conclusions

….

1. Hygiene promotion 2. Water supply 3. Excreta disposal 4. Vector control 5. Solid waste management 6. Drainage These standards and their supporting indicators illustrate an integrated system of analysis of needs, provision of water, and management of waste that should be well-coordinated if public health is to be preserved. Each part supports and is supported by the others.