Transcript US History-Goal 1 Textbook

US History-Unit 3
I.
The New Government
1. The US Constitution replaced the Articles of
Confederation in 1788, when New Hampshire
(the 9th state) ratified it.
2. The Bill of Rights (the 1st 10 amendments to
the Constitution) was ratified in 1791.
3. The new Congress passed the Judiciary Act of
1789. It established the federal court system
and the authority of the Supreme Court. It’s
1st Chief Justice was John Jay.
Judiciary Act of 1789 created our federal
court system.
4. Washington was the 1st Pres. of the US.
His Cabinet was: Sec. of Treasury-Alexander
Hamilton
Sec. of State-Thomas Jefferson
Sec. of War-Henry Knox
Atty. General-Edmund Randolph
5. Hamilton was a Federalist. He supported
a strong central government and had
supported ratification of the Constitution.
 He and Jefferson often disagreed on
political and economic issues. Hamilton
supported loose interpretation of the Const.
and believed the “enlightened few” should
rule the country.
George Washington’s Cabinet
 Hamilton developed a VERY IMPORTANT
plan to aid the country’s serious economic
concerns. His Funding and Assumption
Plan called for:
To FUND the fed. Gov’t. he called for an
excise tax on whiskey. It made western
grain farmers angry.
A protective tariff on imports (revenue &
promote American industry)
Establishment of the National Bank
Assumption of the state’s debts (resulted in
the Capital of the US being Washington,
D.C.—in the south)
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
6. Hamilton’s plan was very controversial:
Was the Bank of the US constitutional?
Strict interpretation vs. loose interpretation
• (Jefferson)
(Hamilton)
• Hamilton justified the Bank with the
“Necessary and Proper” clause to the
Const.
Conflict over the whiskey tax led to the
Whiskey Rebellion in western Penn. In
1794 (proved the strength of the new
national gov’t.)
The Whiskey Rebellion
French Revolution
Republican uprising in France. 1793 they
declared war Great Britiain.
Jay Treaty of 1794
To avoid war with Britain, Washington sent
Chief Justice John Jay to London to
negotiate a compromise with Britain. In the
treaty the British gave up their forts on
American soil, but they kept most of their
restrictions on American ships. The treaty
also required Americans to repay prewar
debts to the british.
Washington’s Farewell address
1796-shortly before leaving office
Three main points:
1. Foreign policy—US should stay neutral
and avoid alliances with other countries
(ie. He had issued the Proclamation of
Neutrality in 1793)
2. good gov’t. is based on religion and
morality
3. warned against political parties, believed
they would divide the country (he was a
Federalist)
Was he right? Wrong?
Election of 1796
First in which voters could chose between
competing political parties. The Federalists
chose John Adams and the Republicans
selected Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson won
most of the Southern electoral votes and
Adams carried the Northern states. Due to
an awkward feature in the Constitution
Jefferson became Adam’s vice president.
The rise of political parties
The people did not heed GW’s warning:
The Federalists led by Hamilton, Madison
and John Adams
had supported the ratification of the Const.,
believed in a strong central government and
“laissez faire”.
supported and supported by large
landowners, merchants, industrialists, big
business and bankers.
Loose interpreters
The Democratic-Republicans were led
by Thomas Jefferson and favored
strong state governments and a weaker
central government
Many had opposed ratification of the
Constitution.
They had support/supported small
farmers, debtors.
“Informed masses” rule/power in the
hands of the people
Strict interpreters
John Adams
Conflict between the two parties
1. On the issue of the war between the
British & the French, the D-Rs favored the
French and the Feds. Favored the British.
The Feds. Were afraid the ideas of the
French Revolution would influence the US…
“mob rule”
2. During John Adam’s Presidency (2nd
Pres.), Congress passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
Alien Acts-allowed the gov’t. to arrest,
detain, or deport foreigners & extended the
waiting period for naturalization
Sedition Act-limits free speech & expression,
made it unlawful to print or say bad things
about the Pres., Const., or Congress.
3. The D-Rs believed the A & S Acts were
unconstitutional. T. Jefferson & J. Madison
wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
in response.
The VA & KY Resol. Declared the A & S Acts
unconst’l, and therefore null and void in the
states of VA & KY.
This is an example of the Doctrine of
Nullification (states can nullify a national law
that they believe violates the Const.)... C.W.
The first fist fight in Congress: Between
Matthew Lyons (arrested under the
Sedition Act) and Roger Griswold.
Election (Revolution) of 1800
John Adams (Fed.) ran for reelection
The two D-R candidates were T. Jefferson
and Aaron Burr who tied in the election (73)
The election went to the House of Reps. To
decide
Hamilton used his influence in the House to
choose Jefferson. He hated Burr.
TJ becomes the 3rd Pres. Of the US, Burr will
become the VP (while VP, he will kill
Hamilton in a duel)
1st peaceful transition of power from 1 party
to another
John Marshall and the “midnight judges”
Just before he left office, John Adams and
Congress enacted the Judiciary Act of 1801
He appointed the “midnight judges”
(Federalists to protect their interests)
The Supreme Court heard the case Marbury
v. Madison because James Madison would
not allow the judges to take office
John Marshall was the Chief Justice, they
struck down part of the Judiciary Act of
1801 and est. the precedent of judicial
review (power to declare laws unconst.)
Marbury vs Madison
Marbury asked the supreme court to grant
him a job as a federal judge which had
been promised to him by the Adams
administration but John Madison
(incoming Sectary of State) refused to
deliver the papers. Marbury argued that
the Judiciary act of 1789 gave the
Supreme court power to make a
government official perform a certain duty.
Marbury vs Madison
The court ruled that Congress exceeded
the powers granted in the Constitution.
Since the law was unconstitutional, the
Supreme court could not order Madison to
grant Marbury his commission.
Why does it matter? Marbury vs. Madison
established the power of judicial review
ensuring the supreme court had to power
to interpret the meaning of the
Constitution.
John Marshall
Louisiana Purchase
The US had received the right of deposit at
New Orleans and the right to navigate the
Mississippi River in Pinckney’s Treaty w/
Spain
When France got Louisiana back from Spain,
The US lost her navigation rights on the Miss.
Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert
Livingston to Fr. To buy New Orleans from
Napoleon (who needed $)
Napoleon agreed to sell all of LA for $15
million…lgst. Land deal in history; 3 cents
per acre; doubled the size of the country
Constitutional?
Where is the Louisiana Purchase?
Lewis and Clark Expedition
To explore the lands of the LA Purchase,
Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark out from St. Louis, MO in 1804
With them were 40-50 soldiers; Sacagawea,
her baby and her husband; and a slave
named York
They were looking a water route to the
Pacific, collecting data about the territory,
and wanted to strengthen our claims to the
Oregon Country
The journey took 2 years
Political Freedoms before 1820
1. Women did not have the right to vote
Abigail Adams did work for women’s
suffrage, “remember the ladies”, early
leader
2. Native Americans had few rights, lost land
and experienced conflicts with white settlers
1795-were forced to accept the Treaty of
Greenville/lost 2/3rds of what is Ohio today
(this was after the Battle of Fallen Timbers)
After the LA Purchase, whites moved west,
more conflicts, resistance led by Tecumseh
(a Shawnee), his forces were defeated by W.
H. Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Abigail Adams
Tecumseh
African Americans/Slavery
Slavery came to VA in 1619, early as
indentured servants, quickly evolved into
the idea as permanent servitude
Many wrongly thought the Revolution
would bring emancipation for slaves
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton
Gin which revitalized the demand for
slaves. Slavery became a “necessary evil”
in the South.
Eli Whitney and his cotton gin
Relations with Foreign governments
GW had issued the Proclamation of
Neutrality in 1793 (wanted the US to stay out
of the war with GB & France)
The British had been practicing
impressment of US Sailors into the British
navy
Jay’s Treaty with GB had not won many
concessions, but had made the French mad
The US wanted to improve relations with the
French and sent 3 diplomats, the French
foreign minister would not meet with them
These men would not pay the bribe
demanded of them and left France
This event was known as the XYZ Affair (for
the 3 unidentified men who contacted the
American delegation)
Convention of
1800 allowed the
US and France to
reopen trade and
re-establish
diplomacy
Embargo Act of 1807
US law that forbade trade between the US &
foreign countries
If US ships are at home, they won’t be
seized and are here to protect the homeland
It greatly damaged the American economy
and was very unpopular.
It was repealed at the end of Jefferson’s
presidency and replaced by the NonIntercourse Act.
Political cartoon criticizing the “Ograbme” Act
Hartford Convention of 1814/Decline of the
Federalists
The Federalists of New England held a
meeting in Hartford, Conn. In opposition to
the War of 1812
Some talked about seceding from the
country and proposed some amendments
to the Const.
When word of the end of the war came, so
did the Conv.
Marked the decline of the Federalist Party
Causes of the War of 1812
War Hawks (who wanted the US to add land
British Impressment of US sailors
French and British trade restrictions
GB arming the Native Americans against us
Important events during the War:
Hartford Convention
Ft. McHenry/Baltimore is saved; Key writes the
Star Spangled Banner
Jackson emerges as a hero
GB invades and burns Washington, DC
Battle of New Orleans fought after the Treaty
of Ghent had been signed, but news had not
reached the US of the agreement.
Consequences of the War of 1812
Status quo antebellum things went back to
what they were before the war
The US was able to defend itself, won
respect and recognition of other countries
US Nationalism grew
Federalist Party fell apart
US manufacturing grew and we became
more self sufficient
Adams-Onis Treaty
Signed in 1819, between the US and Spain
John Quincy Adams was the Secretary of
State
We bought Florida from Sp.
Spain gave up
their claims to
Oregon
US gave up
claims to Texas