Transcript Slide 1

Emerald Ash
Borer Detection
Efforts:
From Girdled
Trees to Purple
Traps
Therese M. Poland, Deborah G. McCullough,
Deepa Pureswaran, Cesar Rodriguez,
Andrea Anulewicz, and David Cappaert
The Problem
• Early detection & delimitation are
virtually impossible
• Signs and symptoms do not appear
for 1+ years after attack
• By then adults may have spread
• New tools for detection are
desperately needed!
Trap Tree Studies
Year
# Field # Reps
Treatments
Sites
2003
3
18
Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide,
Trap logs
2004
3
24
Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide,
Wounded,
2005
4
20
Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide,
Methyl jasmonate (MJ)
2006
4
40
Healthy, Girdled, MJ,
Manuka oil,
2007
4
20
Healthy, Girdled, Wounded,
2-year Girdled
2003 Trap Tree Study
3 Sites (6 reps/trt/site)
Healthy ash
Girdled ash
Hypo-hatchet + herbicide ash
6 ft trap logs: green, white, black ash
2003 Results
Mean Number of EAB Captured at 3 Sites (N = 18)
60
a
50
40
b
30
b
20
b
b
Control Tree
Green Ash
Log
b
10
0
Girdled Tree
Herbicide
Tree
White Ash
Log
Black Ash
Log
2004 Trap Tree Study
Is it the wound itself or stress caused
by girdling that increases attraction?
Treatment
Wound
Control
X
Herbicide
X
Vertical wound
Horizontal
girdle
Stress
X
X
2004 Results
Mean Number of EAB Captured at
3 Sites (N = 24)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
ab
a
ab
b
Control
Herbicide
Girdle
Wound
EAB Larval Density Per m2 (N=24)
60
a
50
b
b
40
b
30
20
10
0
Control
Herbicide
Girdle
Wound
2005 Trap Tree Study
Stress Agents and Trap Height
1.Girdled
2.Healthy
3.Herbicide
4.Methyl Jasmonate
(stress hormone)
4 sites, 18 replicates total
Half in open sites
Half in closed canopy
2005 Trap Tree Study
Girdled – open
Girdled - closed
2005 Trap Tree Study
Herbicide – open
Herbicide - closed
2005 Trap Tree Study
Purple panel
High band
MeJA
dispenser
Low band
Girdle
2005 Trap Tree Study
MethylJasmonate
bubble caps
strung
in canopy
10 per tree
2005 Results
Mean number of EAB, 4 sites (N=20)
Mean # EAB per tree
35
a
30
25
bc
20
ab
15
10
c
5
0
Control
Girdle
Herbicide
MeJa
Larval Density (N=20)
120
a
100
80
60
40
b
b
b
20
0
Control
MJ
Herbicide
Girdle
2005 Results
Mean Number of EAB per Tree
by Trap Type
mean # EAB per tree
40
35
30
25
Low
20
High
Trap
15
10
5
0
Control
Girdle
Herbicide
MeJa
2005 Results
Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB
Mean EAB per tree
35
25
2005
a
30
ab
20
ab
15
ab
b
10
5
0
open
dominant
partly
open
partly
closed
closed
2006 Trap Tree Study
40 Replicates of 4 treatments at 4 sites:
• Control untreated ash trees
• Girdled ash trees
• Ash trees with 6 Manuka oil clusters on
trunk
• Ash trees exposed to 20 MeJA bubble
caps in canopy
2006 Results
Mean Number of EAB, 4 Sites (N=40)
40
a
30
20
b
b
10
b
0
C
Girdle
Manuka
Meth Jas
Larval Density (N=20)
a
200
160
120
80
b
b
40
b
0
Control
Girdle
Manuka Meth Jas
2006 Results
Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB
45
a
2006
40
35
30
25
ab
20
ab
15
b
10
b
5
0
open
dominant
partly open partly closed
closed
Trap Tree Studies Conclusions
• 5 years , 122 replicates
• 14 field sites (variable EAB populations & tree
shading)
• Girdled trees consistently the best treatment
• Girdled trees captured significantly more EAB
than healthy trees (approx. 10x) at low density
sites
• Larval densities were significantly higher in
girdled than healthy trees
• Low sticky bands caught as many or more
EAB as high bands or traps in the canopy
• Open-grown trees catch more EAB
Analysis of Ash Volatiles to
Identify Attractants for EAB
Volatile Collection
• Insect feeding damage
10 EAB in screen cages for 5 days
• Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) stress hormone
spray 50ml of 0.03% solution
• Mechanical damage
20% of leaf area removed with scissors
• Healthy control
Insect Damage
E-B-ocimene
linalool
Z-3hexenylacetate
nonatriene
indolizine
Methyl Jasmonate
E,E-a-farnesene
Control
Retention Time (min)
Quantity of volatile (ng/g/h + SE)
Control
Insect Damage
E,E-a-farnesene
MeJA
400
Z3-hexenyl acetate
nonatriene
linalool
200
E2-hexenal
Z3-hexenol
Eb-ocimene
Z-jasmone
3-Methylbutylaldoxime
indole
2-methylbutylaldoxime
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Compound Number
EAB Antennal Responses
FID
hexenal
hexenol
E2methylbutylZ3-hexenylaldoxime
acetate
Z3-hexenol
Z3methylbutylaldoxime
nonatriene
E,E-a-farnesene
linalool
Eb-ocimene
GC-EAD
EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles
EAG Amplitude (mV ± SEM)
5
Hexenal
*
4
3
*
2
*
5
*
*
(E)-2-hexenal
4
3
*
2
*
Males
Females
*
1
1
0
Control
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
0
Control
5
(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
4
*
3
*
*
*
5
4
2
1
1
0
2mg
3-Methylbutylaldoxime *
20mg
*
*
0
Control
4
200ug
3
2
5
20ug
20ug
200ug
2-Methylbutylaldoxime
2mg
*
20mg
*
3
Control
5
4
3
*
2
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl
acetate
2
1
1
0
0
Control
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
Control
20ug
Cartridge Dosage
200ug
2mg
20mg
EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles
5
EAG Amplitude (mV ± SEM)
4
5
Hexyl acetate
4
*
*
3
2
1
0
5
4
0
Control
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
Linalool
4
*
2
*
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
200ug
2mg
20mg
Indole
3
2
1
1
0
0
4
Control
5
3
5
3
2
*
1
Males
Females
(E)--ocimene
Control
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
Control
5
(Z)-jasmone
(Z)-jasmone
4
20ug
E,E--farnesene
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
Control
20ug
200ug
2mg
20mg
Control
20ug
Cartridge Dosage
200ug
2mg
20mg
Attraction of EAB to Stressed or Healthy
Ash Seedlings in Olfactometer Bioassay
N
% No
Choice
52
55.7
*
38
23.6
n.s.
32
21.8
*
41
29.3
n.s.
57
44.0
n.s.
30
26.7
n.s.
77
36.4
n.s.
100
Clean Air
75
Treatment
Insect Damage
MeJA
Healthy
Clean Air
50
25
0
25
50
Percent Response
75
100
Field Trapping Studies
EAB attraction to GLV alcohols
20
a
ab
15
ab
b
M ales
10
b
Females
5
0
all
t2hex +
c3hex
hex + c3hex
hex + t2hex
blank
EAB attraction to GLV aldehydes
30
25
20
M ales
15
Females
10
5
0
all
t2hex + non
hex + non
hex + t2hex
blank
A Multi-Component Trap for EAB
Overall Visual
Silhouette
• 10’ tall pole
simulates tree bole
Top panel
baited with
Leaf Blend
• Panels simulate
tree crown
• Purple color is
attractive to EAB
• Traps in sunny
open locations
Bottom panel
baited with
Bark Blend
• Highly apparent placement may reduce
competition between trap & nearby ash trees
• Can install traps along roadsides, in open
areas or just outside forested area
• Logistically simple & efficient to monitor
Experimental Design - 2006
6 Field Sites
40 Replicates (5-10 per site)
4 Treatments:
• Leaf Blend + Bark Blend + Texture
• Leaf Blend + Texture
• Bark Blend + Texture
• Leaf Blend + Bark Blend
Trapping Results - 2006
• Captured 4,060 EAB
• Leaving off Leaf Blend reduced attraction
• Leaving off Bark Blend or Texture did not
reduce attraction
35
ab
30
a
ab
b
25
20
15
10
5
0
Leaf + Bark
+ Texture
Leaf +
Texture
Bark +
Texture
Leaf + Bark
Experimental Design - 2007
8 sites: moderate to very low EAB densities:
forest edge, roadside, open field
2 - 7 blocks per site, 31 traps per treatment
5 Treatments:
•
•
•
•
•
DD: no lures
DD: Leaf + Manuka
DD: Leaf + Manuka + Extracts
Tower: Leaf + Bark + Extracts
Single: Leaf + Bark + Extracts
Kellogg Forest – EAB Detection Site
x
Ash plantation
x
Girdled trees
Conifers
EAB not known
to be present
4 EAB caught
on DD-L+M trap
28 Jun, 11 July,
17 July
No EAB adults
or larvae on 2
girdled trees ≈
150 m away
Conclusions
• Girdled trees are consistently the most attractive
trap trees
• Girdled trap trees and purple traps can catch EAB
at low-density sites and can detect new
infestations
• Purple traps are more attractive than green traps
• Baited traps are more attractive than unbaited
traps
• Large silhouette traps at the ground are at least
as attractive or more attractive than canopy traps
• Double decker traps are more attractive than
single panel or tower traps
Using traps operationally - Issues to consider…
• Pestick was re-applied after heavy rain(s).
• Traps need to be checked fairly often (e.g. 2
wk intervals?) or beetles may fall off.
• Accumulation of flies (esp. green traps) or
other insects may require panel to be
scraped & Pestick re-applied.
Acknowledgements
MSU: Kaeli Chambers, Tara Dell, Erin Burkett, Chenin
Limbach, Bob McDonald, Ben Schmidt, James Wieferich
US Forest Service: Stephen Burr, Alison Wroblewski, Tina
Kuhn, Toby Petrice
Funding: USDA Forest Service
MSU’s Project GREEEN