Transcript No Slide Title
The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945 –1960
Conflict develops between the United States and the Soviet Union. Americans react to the economic prosperity and rapid change of the postwar period.
The Final Frost Barrier!
—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial Freezer (1959).
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The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945 –1960
Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War The Korean War and McCarthyism The Fifties
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Section 1
Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War
Good Economics
Americans look for prosperity after World War II. They also fight Communism in the Cold War.
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SECTION 1 Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War Adjusting to Peace
• Industries lay off workers, returning servicemen flood job market • Veterans win out over female workers for jobs • Women get jobs in traditional women’s fields, office work, teaching
Actress Grace Kelly (in 1950, a New York photographer’s model) demonstrating a Remington typewriter.
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SECTION 1 The Postwar Economy
• People want more goods, factories start making needed products • Controls on prices lifted, people have money, few goods to buy • Demand for goods increases, prices skyrocket • William Levitt applies assembly-line technique to home building
NY
• Start mass-producing affordable homes to meet demand for houses
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Developers: mass-produced, standardized homes built using assembly-line methods
SECTION 1 Labor Unrest and Civil Rights
• Over 1 million workers join strikes, includes railway workers (1946) • President
Harry S. Truman
threatens to draft railway workers into army • WW II raises hopes of African Americans for more equality • African Americans still face prejudice, especially in the South • Truman wants Congress to pass equal rights laws, South resists proposals • Truman backs off issues, makes equal rights national issue
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SECTION 1 The Fair Deal
• Republican Congress blocks Truman’s proposals, limits power of unions • Few people believe Truman will win 1948 presidential election • Truman takes campaign to the people, wins upset victory • Calls for
Fair Deal
, projects that: - create jobs, build public housing, end discrimination in hiring • Republicans, Southern Democrats block most of the programs
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Truman v. Dewey
Truman: threats to draft strikers Truman: integration of the armed forces
SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War
• The West, Soviets allied against Nazis, Soviets free Eastern Europe • Stalin promises free elections but imposes • Communism in Eastern Europe • Does not want anti-Soviet governments on the borders of Soviet Union • U.S. thinks Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wants to spread Communism
Cold War
—U.S./Soviet conflict, never directly fight on battlefield
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Competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. for global power and influence.
Differences
Untied States Soviet Union • Communist • Democracy • State-run Economy • Individual Freedoms • One-party rule • Capitalistic Economy • Suppression of Religion • Force to crush opposition
SECTION 1 Containing Communism Abroad
• •
Containment
—use military, non-military ways to contain Communism
Truman Doctrine
—promises to aid people resisting threats to democracy • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (
NATO
): - includes U.S., Canada, 10 Western European countries - formed to counteract Communist control of Eastern Europe • Soviet Union, Eastern Europe form Warsaw Pact
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The Truman administration established a policy of containment to block further Soviet expansion. The Truman Doctrine declared that the U.S. would support any free country that was resisting a takeover by an outside or an armed force.
SECTION 1 Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift
•
Marshall Plan
—$13 billion to help rebuild Western, Southern Europe • After WW II, Germany is divided into 4 zones controlled by: - Soviet Union - United States - France - Great Britain • Berlin in Soviet zone, city divided between East, West powers
Continued . . .
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SECTION 1
continued
Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift
• Soviets afraid Western powers will unite Germany • Block access to Berlin, Truman approves Berlin airlift: U.S., British planes carry supplies to city’s residents • Soviets call off blockade, Germany divided into: - Communist East Germany - Democratic West Germany
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The U.S. flies food and supplies into West Berlin during the Berlin airlift.
SECTION 1 Fear of Communism at Home
• Fear of Communism in the U.S. grows • Alger Hiss accused of giving military info to Soviets, sentenced 5 years • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg executed for passing atomic secrets to Russians • President Truman orders loyalty checks for federal workers • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) issues blacklists: - names people (many in movie industry) thought to be Communists
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Actor Ronald Reagan, President of the Screen Actors Guild, testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee (October 23, 1947).
Explain the significance of each of the following terms.
Fair Deal Cold War Marshall Plan
Section 2
The Korean War and McCarthyism
The Cold War and the Korean War produce a far-reaching form of AntiCommunism.
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SECTION 2 The Korean War and McCarthyism Origins of the Korean War
• • Communists defeat U.S.-supported nationalists in China
Mao Zedong
becomes head of Communist China • Communist takeover of China fuels Americans’ fear of communism • After WW II Korea is divided at the
38th parallel
, or line of latitude: - Soviets troops north of parallel - U.S. troops south of parallel • Soviets aid Communist government in North Korea
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SECTION 2 Fighting Breaks Out in Korea
• • North Korean forces cross 38th parallel into South Korea
Korean War
—North Korean forces fight U.S., UN, South Korean forces • U.S. General MacArthur commands UN forces • North Koreans push South Koreans to Pusan • MacArthur, troops push North Koreans back across 38th parallel • Pursue enemy into North Korea • Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps
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United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950
SECTION 2 China Enters the Conflict
• China warns UN forces not to advance further, UN ignores warning • Chinese troops force UN troops south to the 38th parallel • President Truman denies MacArthur’s request to blockade, bomb China • MacArthur goes over the president’s head to win support: - speaks, writes to newspapers, magazine publishers - writes Republican leaders • Truman fires MacArthur, orders him home
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SECTION 2 War Ends in Stalemate
• Korean War becomes unpopular in U.S., truce talks begin • Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidency (1952) • Agrees to a compromise to end the war (July 1953) • 2 Koreas left where they had been in 1950, border near 38th parallel • Communism is contained in Korea
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Nationalists; because they opposed Communism South Korea; because it was democratic and North Korea was Communist The Communists won the war, forcing the Nationalists to flee to Taiwan.
stalemate; Korea remained two nations divided by a demilitarized zone.
SECTION 2 McCarthy and Communism
• Senator
Joseph McCarthy
uses Korean War to fan fear of Communism • Conducts hunt for Communists in U.S. that ruins the careers of many • Term
McCarthyism
stands for reckless charges against innocent • Senate holds Army-McCarthy hearings: McCarthy accuses Army of “coddling Communists” - Army accuses McCarthy of improper conduct
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy chairing the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation (February 26, 1954).
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SECTION 2 Eisenhower and the Cold War
• • Secretary of State John Foster Dulles favors
brinkmanship
: - U.S. going to the brink of war to combat Communism
Arms race
—U.S., Soviets race to develop more destructive weapons • U.S. builds hydrogen bomb,
H-bomb
, Soviets soon develop weapon • U.S., Soviet Union help allies, weaken enemies around the world
Continued . . .
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SECTION 2
continued
Eisenhower and the Cold War
• Britain, U.S. withdraws aid to Soviet-friendly Egypt • Egypt seizes Suez Canal; Britain, U.S., Israel • attack Egypt • Soviet Union threatens to support Egypt, UN imposes cease-fire
Space race
—U.S., Soviet Union race to build satellites in space • Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane, talks, U.S., Soviets collapse
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First official picture of Sputnik I, Soviet satellite: the outer hull is aluminum covered with protective material; nitrogen gas is sealed inside (1959).
Gagarin, the first cosmonaut in space
To end the crisis, U.S. worked with UN to gain a cease-fire and the withdrawal of troops.
To regain superiority, the U.S. worked to develop satellites and better weapons-delivery systems.
At first, U.S. government lied about the purpose of the flight to keep spying activities secret but then publicly admitted guilt.
Explain the significance of each of the following terms and names.
brinksmanship
38th parallel Joseph McCarthy
Section 3
The Fifties
With the United States locked in a Cold War, social and economic changes take place in American life.
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SECTION 3 The Fifties The Domestic Scene in the Fifties
• In 1957, one out of every five live in poverty, many live in cities • More well-to-do move to
suburbs
—residential areas surrounding a city • Mexican immigrants increase greatly, many cross border illegally • Some Mexicans stay in U.S. illegally after
bracero
program ends • President Eisenhower pleases liberals, conservatives • Keeps most New Deal programs, sets up Highway Act (1956)
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Offered people the chance to live the American Dream; caused some Americans, especially women, to feel dissatisfied with their lives; contributed to the popularity of the automobile; led to the decline of cities; created racial and economic gulfs between suburban and city dwellers
SECTION 3 Changes Sweep America
• During 1950s, U.S. has
baby boom
—sharp birthrate increase after WW II • Baby boom spurs growth of suburbs • Shopping centers, restaurants built on former farmland, serve suburbs • Car sales explode because owning a car in the suburbs is a necessity • Many people move to
sunbelt
—warmer states in South, Southwest
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SECTION 3 The American Dream in the Fifties
• Life for millions of white Americans in suburbs, the American Dream • Enjoy good schools, shopping malls, safe environment • Critics, people in suburbs forced to fit mold, willing to conform • Women have defined roles, limited job choices, some feel confined • Industry churns out goods, advertising encourages consumers to buy • Owning the latest car, appliance is symbol of social standing, success
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New Kenmore Ranges from Sears!
—magazine advertisement (1957).
contributed to suburbanization and business expansion spurred the building of roads and interstate highways; encouraged suburbanization and urban decline helped to popularize the equating of material goods with success; contributed to the expansion of business; led to a boom in the advertising industry
SECTION 3 Pop Culture and Rock ’n’ Roll
• Hollywood cranks out westerns, musicals, romances • Popularity of TV causes movie attendance to • drop • Sitcoms show what many consider to be ideal families
Rock ’n’ Roll
—style of popular music, has black, white musicians • Elvis Presley becomes the king of rock ’n’ roll • Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, “beatniks” criticize shallow U.S. society
Elvis Presley performing at the Mississippi – Alabama State Fair in Tupelo, Mississippi (September 27, 1956).
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Howdy Doody and Buffalo Bob Smith
Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz Lassie
Mickey Mouse Club
Father Knows Best THE LONE RANGER
Chuck Berry
Little Richard
Jerry Lee Lewis Elvis Presley
SECTION 3 The Election of 1960
• 1960 presidential election, one of closest in U.S. history • Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Democratic candidate • Richard M. Nixon, Republican candidate • Kennedy, Nixon stage 1st televised presidential debates • Kennedy’s youthful energy, confidence helps him to win • Kennedy is nation’s youngest president, 1st Catholic president
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