AN OVERVIEW OF ETHICS

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What Is Ethics ?

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Ethics And Morality

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The Difference Between Ethics And Morality

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The Formation Of Morality

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Ethics Is Effectiveness Of Speech On Morality

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Ethics And Present-Day

• Freedom of expression was proclaimed with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Many countries adopted this right.

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Freedom Of Expression On The Internet

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İnternet reaches everyone so people can reach informations easily. You can watch the lessons of universities on the other hand , you can see video which insults some people or religions.

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Nakoula Basseley Nakoula

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The second example is

, • Amanda Bonnen shared this on Twitter : • ‘ Who said a moldy apartment was bad for your health to stay. Horizon argues that it was good ’ • Horizon Reality Grup liligated to Amanda because of reduction of reputation in the business world.

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• • • Julian Assange is founder of Wikileaks. He published 251.287 confidential documents. These documents was included the correspondences between ambassadors of USA. Because of this access to the site was tried to block , donations were denied 8

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Computer and Internet Crime

TYPES OF ATTACKS

• Most frequent attack is on a networked computer from an outside source • Types of attacks – Virus – Worm – Trojan horse – Denial of service

VIRUSES

• Pieces of programming code • Usually disguised as something else • Cause unexpected and usually undesirable events • Often attached to files • Deliver a “payload”

• Does not spread itself from computer to computer – Must be passed on to other users through • Infected e-mail document attachments • Programs on diskettes • Shared files • Macro viruses – Most common and easily created viruses – Created in an application macro language – Infect documents and templates

WORMS

• Harmful programs – Reside in active memory of a computer • Duplicate themselves – Can propagate without human intervention • Negative impact of virus or worm attack – Lost data and programs – Lost productivity – Effort for IT workers

TROJEN HORSES

• Program that a hacker secretly installs • Users are tricked into installing it • Logic bomb – Executes under specific conditions

HACKERS and CRACKERS

• Hackers – Test limitations of systems out of intellectual curiosity • Crackers – Cracking is a form of hacking – Clearly criminal activity

PREVENTION

• Antivirus software – Continually updated with the latest virus detection information • Called definitions • Departing employees – Promptly delete computer accounts, login IDs, and passwords • Carefully define employee roles • Create roles and user accounts

DETECTION

• Detection systems – Catch intruders in the act • Intrusion detection system – Monitors system and network resources and activities – Notifies the proper authority when it identifies • Possible intrusions from outside the organization • Misuse from within the organization – Knowledge-based approach – Behavior-based approach

• Intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) – Prevent attacks by blocking • Viruses • Malformed packets • Other threats – Sits directly behind the firewall

RESPONSE

• Response plan – Develop well in advance of any incident – Approved by • Legal department • Senior management • Primary goals – Regain control – Limit damage

RESPONSE

• Incident notification defines – Who to notify – Who not to notify • Security experts recommend against releasing specific information about a security compromise in public forums • Document all details of a security incident – All system events – Specific actions taken – All external conversations

SUMMARY

• Most incidents involve a: – Virus – Worm – Trojan horse – Denial-of-service • Perpetrators include: – Hackers – Crackers – Industrial spies – Cybercriminals – Cyberterrorists

• Key elements of a multilayer process for managing security vulnerabilities include: – Assessment – User education – Response plan

The Right of Privacy

• • • What is the right of privacy?

The right of individuals to control the collection and use of information about themselves.

Or; The right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people

The legal concept of the right to privacy has four aspects:

• • • • Protection from unreasonable intrusion upon one’s isolation Protection from appropriation of one’s name or likeness Protection from unreasonable publicity given to one’s private life Protection from publicity that unreasonably places one in a false light before the public

A number of laws have been enacted over the past 40 years that affect a person’s privacy: – – – – – – – – No single, overarching national data privacy policy Communications Act of 1934 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 Privacy Act of 1974 Children’s Online Protection Act (COPA) European Community Directive 95/46/EC of 1998 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

• • Laws authorize electronic surveillance by the government.

Data encryption (Science of encoding messages) – Public key encryption system – Private key encryption system

Identity theft

• • Theft of key pieces of personal information to gain access to a person’s financial accounts Information includes: – Name – Address – Date of birth – Social Security number – Passport number – Driver’s license number – Mother’s maiden name

• • • Consumer behavior data is collected both online and offline Employers record and review employee communications and activities on the job Advances in information technology – Surveillance cameras – Facial recognition software – GPS systems

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What is The Social Media?

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What are the effects of social media in our lives?

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Social Media Ethics

What is the Software Development

• Software development is the process of developing software through successive phases in an orderly way. • The complexity of modern systems and computer products long ago made the need clear for some kind of orderly development process.

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Typical phases of software development: 1) Identification of required software 2) Analysis of the software requirements 3) Detailed specification of the software requirements 4) Software design 5) Programming 6) Testing 7) Maintenance Ethics in Information Technology 33

A software development process makes everything easier and reduces the amount of problems encountered. Some companies and government agencies require a software development process or that you adhere to the ISO 12207.

ISO 12207 Software life cycle processes : is an international standard for software lifecycle processes. It aims to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and maintaining software.

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Systems development life cycle models include:

• · The waterfall model: This is the classic SDLC model, with a linear and sequential method that has goals for each developmentphase. The waterfall model simplifies task scheduling, because there areno iterative or overlapping steps. One drawback of the waterfall is thatit does not allow for much revision.

• · Rapid application development (RAD): This modelis based on the concept that better products can be developed more quicklyby: using workshops or focus groups to gather system requirements; prototyping and reiterative testing of designs; rigid adherence to schedule; and less formality of team communications such as reviews.

• · Joint application development (JAD): This modelinvolves the client or end user in the design and development of an application,through a series of collaborative workshops called JAD sessions.

• · The prototyping model: In this model, a prototype (an early approximation of a final system or product) is built, tested,and then reworked as necessary until an acceptable prototype is finallyachieved from which the complete system or product can now be developed.

• · The spiral model: This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is favored for large, expensive, and complicated projects.