Transcript Chapter 5
CHAPTER 5 Classical Greece Early Greece Civilization developed as early as 3000BCE 2 cultures developed: Minoans & Mycenaeans Minoans developed in Crete Minoan ships sailed the Aegean Sea Minoan colonies popped up on Aegean islands Minoan Life Solidly constructed buildings: Private rooms Basic plumbing Brightly colored artwork Paintings of ships tell us they were tied to the sea: Sailing, trade, fishing Others show dangerous games Leaping over bulls Minoan culture ended suddenly Crete volcano? Mycenaean States Small kingdoms Often fought with each other First Greeks: first to speak Greek Traded with Minoans Copied Minoan writing Lion’s Gate Showed strength Trojan War: Truth or Fiction? Famines, invasion, end of trade: Dark Age Greek civilization almost disappeared The Dark Age For more than 300 years, Greece was left in confusion By 800s BCEs life was stable enough for a new society to emerge Because of Rugged terrain, travel and communication between city-states was difficult Each formed its own form of government, laws and customs Life in a Polis Polis was the center of daily life for Greeks Greeks were fiercely loyal to their polis Did not think of themselves as Greeks Built around an Usually housed temples to gods Below acropolis was public spaces like Life in a Polis Shops, houses, more temples surrounded the AGORA Gymnasiums, training grounds, public baths for athletes Sturdy Wall surrounded Polis Outside of wall were fields where city food was grown Sparta One of mightiest city states Not typical Located on Peloponnesus (large peninsula) Over time, seized control over other towns around it Turned conquered people into Worked on farms so citizens did not have to perform manual labor Spartans free to train for war! War Society Emphasis on war not created out of fondness for fighting Seen as tool to keep order in society Response to HELOTS outnumbering Spartans 7-1 Demanded strength and toughness from birth Boys and girls alike If found unhealthy: baby left in wilderness to die Trained as soldiers from young age At end of training sent into wilderness with no food or tools War Society At age 20, boys became HOPLITES: FOOT SOLDIERS Remained in army for 10 years Women played important role Trained in gymnastics Fit to bear strong children Right to own property The Gods of Olympus 12 most influential of the hundreds of Greek gods Lived together on Mount Olympus Not perfect Zeus & Hera fought ALL The time Poseidon was quick to anger Each polis claimed one god/goddess as its special protector Corinth: Apollo Athens: Athena Sacred Locations Delphi Priestesses of Apollo received visions of the future Olympia Every 4 years held the Olympic Games Competed for the honor/attention of the gods Myths and Heroes Stories about heroes taught Greeks where they came from and what people they should be Hercules: son of Zeus God like strength Theseus, Athenian prince, killed the Minotaur of Crete Heroes killed monsters, made discoveries, founded cities, talked to gods Olympian Gods Perseus & the Helm of Darkness Holding Medusa’s head Florence, Italy Athenian Democracy Athens was the world’s FIRST DEMOCRACY! With the development of democracy around 500 BCE, Athens entered its classical age Draco Solon Greece had been ruled by kings, then aristocrats Most citizens were poor, and the income gap led to conflict Draco reformed the city’s laws Only way to end unrest is harsh punishment Only made unrest worse 590s BCE, Solon overturned Draco’s harshest laws Outlawed slavery Encouraged trade Solon’s biggest change All Athenian men allowed to take part in the assembly that governed the city and sit on juries First step to democracy! Peisistratus: Beloved Tyrant 541 BCE Peisistratus seized power as a Athenians liked that he pushed aristocrats out of office FATHER OF DEMOCRACY Cleisthenes later took over Athens Broke up power of noble families by dividing Athens into 10 tribes based on where people lived These tribes (not families) were basis for elections Each 500 tribe elected 50 men to serve on council of Athenian Democracy Only free male Athenians, 20+, with military training could vote 300s: only 10% could participate in running the city Those that could take part were expected to do so fully Vote in ALL elections Serve in office if elected Serve in juries Serve in military during war Athenian Democracy Three main bodies: Assembly – all eligible people Made all the laws and important decisions Council of 500: write the laws to be voted on Courts: members chosen from Assembly The Persian Wars Roots lay in Ionia (Asia Minor, or Turkey) Ionia fell to Persians in 500 BCE Ionian Greeks rebelled in 499 BCE Asked other Greeks for help Athens among poleis that sent help Persians put down revolt st 1 Persian Invasion King Darius not happy: Persians, especiallysurprised, with Athenscounterattacked Planned to take revenge on More Ionian Greeks allies closed in on sides 490 BCE: sent tens of thousands to Marathon Persians Retreated! Athenians caught Persians Athenian ran 26 unloading Messenger from their ships miles to Athens to announce Charged with a Greek Victory Died upon arrival Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis Delian League After the Persian Wars, Athens and other city-states joined together to protect each other from further invasions Treasury was on island of Delos – thus Delian league Athens controlled the ships and the money If a polis tried to leave the Delian league Athens would use their military might to force them back in The Acropolis & The Parthenon Athens took money from the Delian league to rebuild after the Persian Wars, angering other poleis Weren’t strong enough to stop them Athens started rebuilding with the Parthenon Temple to Athena Commissioned by Pericles Pericles was a skilled speaker, politician, and patron of the arts Introduced payment for working in government Encouraged Athenians to spread democracy to other poleis Peloponnesian War AS the leader of the Delian League, Athens was the richest and mightiest polis in Greece This brought Athens many enemies, the greatest rival being Sparta! Sparta wanted to lessen Athens’ influence over Greece Peloponnesian War Delian League Athens Strength: Navy Peloponnesian League Sparta Strength: Army Tensions led to War which went back and forth for years Peloponnesian War 429 BCE: Athens was struck with a plague killing thousands (including Pericles) 421 BCE: Truce was called 415 BCE: Athens attacked a Spartan ally, This time Sparta took to the Sea – and Won! 404 BCE: Athens surrendered, but Sparta was left tired & broke Later, Sparta fell to Thebes 340 BCE: A cycle of warfare led to Macedonia (a Greek speaking kingdom in the North) to taking over