Transcript Document

By Nikhil Chandwani and Peter Davis
AI is precursored by Artificial intelligence the
idealism that the idea of Artificial Intelligence
came in the great ancient myths, noting that
Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion
mentioned that certain parts were not organic
and very artificial as well as “mechanic”
beings. These mechanic beings were merely
servants and personified as the God’s and
Goddesses, “part of humanity, and part of the
abyss.”
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13
Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 The
idea of alchemy was a part of the
creation of “artificial man” and making the
perfect being. These were more in line with
English “scientists” who would serve under
the king and asked to create the “perfect
being.” And since Gold was valued at such a
high cost back then, it was introduced to be
very popular as the “key” ingredient and
solution of the artificial man.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13
Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 Some
historical Men like Leonardo Da Vinci,
were convinced that the artificial man could
be created, not through alchemic means, but
through scientific means. Da Vinci in
particular began to build and create the
“robotic knight,” whose schematics show up
many years later. Da Vinci’s influence starts
and snowballs the idea of intelligence being
controlled via tele-operated.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13
Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 20th
century: Frankenstein by Mary Shelly.
comes out and creates the idea of the
artificial man and mechanics working
together. R.U.R. comes out and is received
with positive reviews, while it introduces the
idealism of great and honorable society
Karel Čapek was the first to introduce the
terminology of “robot” into any language.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 The
1900s gave way to great innovations in
synthetic thought and artificial intelligence.
People like Isaac Asimov published the grand
thesis of robotics of robotics; the Three Laws
of Robotics; which define the “rules of
robotics.”
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 In
the 1950s, known scientist; Alan Turing,
was toying with the idea of machine
intelligence along with other researchers. He
came across a conundrum and asked the
question; “Can machines think?” This led to
an experiment in which he introduced the
Turing Test; in which he posed the ideal that
if a machine and continue on with a
conversation through non-visionary means,
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July
2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

Then in 1957, the GPS, or General Problem
Solver created by Herbert Simon, J.C. Shaw, and
Allen Newell came to fruition. It was made and
programmed in LISP (“a practical mathematical
notation for computer programs”), and could
solve theorms, geometric problems, and could
even play chess. Then, improvements by one,
James Slagle of MIT, wrote SAINT which solved
calculus problems at college levels. Both works
were a precursor for the eventual SOAR system
(“a general cognitive architecture for developing
systems that exhibit intelligent behavior”),
which has impacted the AI development
community incredibly.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

Next, the 60s gave birth to the mouse at SRI, a
Robotic Surgical System, by one Doug Engelbart,
but SRI also got to show off the first SRI robot
that was not programmed via LISP; named
“Shakey” which produced a robot that could
combine locomotion, perception and the ability
to problem solve. Then it was at this same time,
that the First International Joint Conference
about AI was held in the capital of the United
States of America.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

In the age of the 70s, such advancements that
were seen were the development of and final
product of SCHOLAR, the first intelligent tutoring
system which was based on the Turing system on
how it used its format for “question-basisanswer.” Don Walker and Jane Robinson improve
on the code of LISP and it turns into Natural
Language Processing at SRI. Later on, Bill Woods
in 1972, dictated the Augmented Transition
Networks for the basis of programming languages
that “machines” used back then.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1970’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 Then,
robotics came through with Terry
Winograd, whose thesis was actively used to
exemplify the ability of computers to
understand English sentences. Later on in his
life, he demonstrated this ability with
SHRDLU, his programming system that
understands natural language and used a
robot arm that could understand English.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1970’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13
Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

In the 1980s, the idealism of AI was very popular
in most fiction, and programming began to be
available commercially, like the LISP machines,
which were marketed heavily. Lee Erman, Rick
Hayes-Roth, Victor Lesser and Raj Reddy begin to
publish the framework for the robotics speech
program for computers; HEARSAY-II; which was
designed to understand and filter speech. At the
same time, the AAAI (American Association of
Artifical Intelligence) was being held at Stanford
University.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1980’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.
 Next,
young computer programmer who
would eventually found Thinking Machines
begins to the create the gigantic architecture
that would bring greater power to Artifical
Intelligence research and computation. Then,
as mentioned before, Paul Rosenbloom, John
Laird, and Allen Newell complete SOAR,
giving way to new programming, which
coincidently leads to James Allen to invent
the Interval Calculus, which is widely used in
small programming and CPU creation.
"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1980’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

In the 1990s, there is a large boom is robotics and
sciences in general, but the improvements of data
mining and translation are the most particular. In
addition, robotic branches see success when it’s
something like the Deep Blue win over Garry
Kasparov, the current chess champion of that time.
Then, in July 4th 1997, NASA’s pathfinder mission is
the first autonomous robotics system, to land on a
part of Mars. In addition, robotics begins to be
geared toward education, with such programs as
FIRST; promising the recognition and inspiration of
science.
Lohr, Steven. "Creating Artificial Intelligence Based on The Real Thing." Nytimes.com. New
York Times, 5 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/science/creating-artificial-intelligence-based-onthe-real-thing.html?_r=2>.

Finally in recent years, we have autonomous
robots doing work for us (Roombas, VACS, Siri.)
Roombas and VACS are robotic vacuums. Siri is
the intellectual AI inside the iphone. We have
smart technology which have become an
essential part of business and sociological
means, and that includes “Chat Robots” or
chatbots, which are very popular on the World
Wide Web.
Menzetti, Riccardo. "Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence." Riccardo Manzotti's Home Page on Consciousness
and the like. Science and Tech, 30 July 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.consciousness.it/CAI/CAI.htm>.
Article Quote about Artificial Consciousness:
“In the last ten years there has been a growing interest towards the field of artificial consciousness.
Several researchers, also from traditional Artificial Intelligence, addressed the hypothesis of
designing and implementing models for artificial consciousness (sometimes referred to as machine
consciousness or synthetic consciousness) – on one hand there is hope of being able to design a
model for consciousness, on the other hand the actual implementations of such models could be
helpful for understanding consciousness.
The traditional field of Artificial Intelligence is thus flanked by the seminal field of artificial or
machine consciousness (sometimes machine or synthetic consciousness) aimed at reproducing the
relevant features of consciousness using non biological components. According to Ricardo Sanz,
there are three motivations to pursue artificial consciousness (Sanz, 2005):
1) implementing and designing machines resembling human beings (cognitive robotics);
2) understanding the nature of consciousness (cognitive science);
3) implementing and designing more efficient control systems.
The current generation of systems for man-machine interaction shows impressive performances with
respect to the mechanics and the control of movements; see for example the anthropomorphic
robots produced by the Japanese companies and universities. However, these robots, currently at
the state of the art, present only limited capabilities of perception, reasoning and action in novel
and unstructured environments. Moreover, the capabilities of user-robot interaction are
standardized and well defined.
A new generation of robots and softbots aimed at interacting with humans in an unconstrained
environment shall need a better awareness of their surroundings and of the relevant events,
objects, and agents. In short, the new generation of robots and softbots shall need some form of
“artificial consciousness”.”
Menzetti, Riccardo. "Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence." Riccardo Manzotti's Home Page on
Consciousness and the like. Science and Tech, 30 July 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.consciousness.it/CAI/CAI.htm>.
 Artificial
Intelligence is the creation of
systems of computers that can act, reason,
and perceive information. It is an intelligent
machine. It thinks, makes decisions, and
solves problems all from learning and stored
information. It is an interdisciplinary field
that requires knowledge in computer
science, linguistics, psychology, biology, and
philosophy to work well.
Jaakob, Robin. "Artificial Intelligence." Intelligenceoftheworld. Artifical Intelligence, 16 Feb.
2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/aiintroduction/artificial-intelligence-overview.html>.




logical AI is a program that understands general facts
about different situations and is able to
mathematically infer actions that are appropriate in
achieving its goals. Some logical AI’s are the McC59
and McC89.
search is a program that examines large numbers of
possibilities in a scenario. This can be used for chess
games online where it searches for different
possibilities for its moves.
pattern recognition can match a pair of eyes with a
nose and recognize the face that goes with it. This
can be useful for criminal departments.
inference is a mathematical and logical deduction
that can infer things based on its previous
knowledge.
McCarthy, John S. "Branches of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13
Apr. 2012. <http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node2.html>.




common sense knowledge and reasoning is a developing
system of non monotonic reasoning and theories of action.
Monotonic reasoning “is a property of many logical systems
that states that the hypotheses of any derived fact may be
freely extended with additional assumptions”. This is the
farthest away from human level for an Artificial
Intelligence. It also contains a bunch of common sense
applications.
learning from experience can learn facts or behaviors
they represent.
planning can have general knowledge about the world and
develop a strategy or sequence of actions to achieve its
goal with ease.
epistemology is a study of the kinds of knowledge to solve
problems within the world.
McCarthy, John S. "Branches of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node2.html>.


heuristics can discover and measure how far a node in a search
tree seems to be from a goal.
genetic programming solves tasks by using Lisp programs and
mating them together.
McCarthy, John S. "Branches of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node2.html>.


Game Playing- People can buy machines to play high level chess.
For example, Deep Blue, an AI that defeated the highest ranking
chess player in the world was a game playing machine. They play
well because of brute force computations in their system. They
look at thousands of positions before making their final move and
this allows them to beat humans with ease.
Speech recognition- Computer speech recognition is a convenient
way to get information. Chatbots can recognize human voices.
This developed into Seri an iphone AI that can recognize speech
that can help people look up information without having to touch
the phone.
McCarthy, John S. "Applications of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr.
2012. <http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html>.

Heuristic classification- This type can put
information in a fixed set of categories. It can
advise whether or not to accept a credit card
purchase based on the persons’ previous
information. This can be very useful to stop
identity theft and stealing.
McCarthy, John S. "Applications of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr.
2012. <http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html>.



Watson is an AI that played against humans on the show Jeopardy.
Developed by IBM, Watson went on to beat Brad Rutter, the
biggest all time Jeopardy winner, and Ken Jennings, the record
holder for the highest win streak; 74 wins. Watson won 1 million
dollars, which was all donated to charities.
Watson had access to 200 million pages of structure and
unstructured content, consuming four terabytes of disk storage
and access to Wikipedia. Watson considerably outdid his human
counterparts while deciding between three answers it was given.
Watson has a workload optimized system that is designed for
analytics and was made possible by integrating parallel power7
processors and the IBM DeepQA software to answer questions on
Jeopardy in fewer than three seconds. He is made up of clusters
of 90 IBM Power 750 servers and 16 Terabytes of RAM. It uses a
3.5 GHz Power7 eight core processor with four threads per core.
"Watson (computer)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)>.
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tuemarch-8-2011/brian-christian
Stewart, John, prod. "Brian Christian." The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Comedy Central. New York
City, New York, 8 Mar. 2011. The Daily Show. Comedy Central, 8 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-march-8-2011/brian-christian>.
Jaakob, Robin. "Artificial Intelligence." Intelligenceoftheworld. Artifical Intelligence, 16 Feb. 2010. Web. 13 Apr.
2012. <http://intelligence.worldofcomputing.net/ai-introduction/artificial-intelligence-overview.html>.

Lohr, Steven. "Creating Artificial Intelligence Based on The Real Thing." Nytimes.com. New York Times, 5 Dec. 2011.
Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/science/creating-artificial-intelligence-based-on-thereal-thing.html?_r=2>.

McCarthy, John S. "Branches of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node2.html>.

McCarthy, John S. "Applications of AI." Formal Reasoning Group. Stanford, 3 Mar. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html>.

Menzetti, Riccardo. "Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence." Riccardo Manzotti's Home Page on Consciousness and
the like. Science and Tech, 30 July 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. <http://www.consciousness.it/CAI/CAI.htm>.

Stewart, John, prod. "Brian Christian." The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Comedy Central. New York City, New York, 8
Mar. 2011. The Daily Show. Comedy Central, 8 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-march-8-2011/brian-christian>.

"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1900’s-1950’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13 Apr.
2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1970’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

"Timeline of Artificial Intelligence." 1980’s.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 July 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence>.

"Watson (computer)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)>.