Objectives

• Describe characteristics common to animals • Describe the characteristics of major animal phyla • Identify on sight members of major animal phyla • Define

animal, chordate, vertebrate, invertebrate

Characteristics of animals

• Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Sexual reproduction with some hermaphrodites • No cell wall • Motile at some stage • Rapid response to environment – Nerve cells – Muscle cells – Both

Taxonomy

Taxonomy

Classification

• 27 Phyla – discuss major ones • Grouped as: – Invertebrates: NO backbone/vertebral column – Vertebrates: backbone/vertebral column – What is a backbone and what is a chordate?

• Backbone: supportative bone structure • Chordate: has nerve chord • We will cover: – 6 phyla • 5 invertebrate phyla • 8 classes within the chordate phyla

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Classification: Invertebrate (no backbone)

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

(b)

Sponges

Sponges (Porifera) • Sac-like body • Cellular level of organization • 2 cell layers • Filter feeder • Rudimentary nervous system • CAN regenerate

Includes all types of sponges.

Essential life functions are performed at the level of cells Water flows through sponge serving as respiratory, excretory, and internal transport system at same time Budding serves as asexual reproduction.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

• Marine • Radial symmetry • Two cell layers with differentiation; one body opening • Alternating body forms (polyp & medusa) • Stinging cells

Cnidaria Examples

Includes jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras and coral.

Soft-bodied animals with stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouth.

Life cycles contain sessile flowerlike polyp and the motile bell-shaped medusa Lack centralized nervous system and general brain.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

• 3 cell layers • Acoelomate • Many parasitic and/or pathogenic • One way digestive system

Includes flatworms, flukes, and planarians.

Simplest animals with bilateral symmetry.

Perform life functions at the level of organ systems.

Aquatic and free living parasites.

Lack usual circulatory and respiratory systems.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Roundworms (Nematoda)

• Moist environments • Most free-living; many parasitic • Pseudocoelomate • Tube-like digestive system • Well-developed senses in free-living

Includes all roundworms.

Simplest animals to have a digestive system with two openings-mouth and anus.

Most numerous of all multicellular animals.

Free living-found in virtually all parts of the Earth.

Have simple nervous systems and reproduce sexually.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Annelids

• Segmented • Coelomate • Hydrostatic skeleton • Brain + solid nerve cord • Three main types – Marine Worms • 1 Clam worms (predators) • 2 Fan worms (prey) – Earthworms – Leeches

Annelids

Includes sandworms and bloodworms.

Characterized by paired paddlelike appendages on body segments.

Appendages are tipped with bristles that give this class its name.

Live in cracks in coral reefs, sand, mud, piles of rocks, and open water.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Molluscs (Mollusca)

• Soft bodied with protective shells • Aquatic/Marine • Often mucus feeders • Body parts – Visceral mass – Foot – Mantle (secretes shell)

Includes clams, mussels, squids, octopi, slugs, and snails.

Soft-bodied animals with external or internal shell.

Body consists of: foot, mantle, shell,+ visceral mass.

Utilizes both open and closed circulatory systems.

Use nephridia to remove ammonia from blood.

Mollusks

Class including slugs and snails.

Move by means of large foot on ventral side.

Most have one-piece shell for protection.

Defenses from predators include: bad-taste, poison, stinging, nocturnality, and quickness.

Bright colors are warnings of danger.

Class includes squids and octopi, cuttlefish, and nautiluses.

Eight flexible tentacles are equipped suction cups for grabbing fish.

Lack protective shell but have developed form of jet propulsion for defense.

Able to squirt dark, foul tasting ink into water and octopi can change colors to those of its surroundings.

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Arthropods

• 3 types: – 1 Crustaceans – 2 Insects – 3 Arachnids • Major characteristics: – 1 Exoskeleton (chitin) • Protection • Attachment for muscles • Movement • Prevent drying out – 2 Segmented bodies

Head, thorax, abdomen,

w/ jointed appendages – 3 Well developed brains and nervous systems

Arthropods: Crustaceans

Arthropods: Insects

Arthropods: Arachnids

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Echinoderms

• Marine animals • Internal skeleton • Spiny skin • Radially symmetrical

Echinoderms

Classification

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates

Phylum Chordata

Chordates have during some time in their development: • 1 notochord • 2 hollow nerve cord in the back • 3 pharyngeal pouches (embryonic structures) • 4 tail

Domain

Eukarya

Classification

Kingdom Phylum

Animalia

Class

Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Lancets Tunicates Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Lancets (invertebrate)

Tunicates (invertebrate)

Domain

Eukarya

Classification

Kingdom Phylum

Animalia

Class

Sponges Segmented worms Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Lancets Tunicates Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Vertebrates Bony Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Vertebrates

• 1 living internal skeleton • 2 closed circulation • 3 paired appendages • 4 efficient breathing and excretion • 5 highly developed brains

Jawless Fishes-Agnatha (lampreys)

Cartilaginous Fishes-Chondrichthyes • 3 Types – Sharks – Rays – Skates • 3 Well developed senses – electrical – pressure – smell

Bony Fishes-Osteichthyes

• Claim to fame: (most numerous vertebrate) • 3 Types – Perch – Trout – Salmon • 3 Traits – Bony skeleton – Scales – Jaws

Amphibia

• 4 types – Frogs – Toads – Newts – Salamanders • 3 traits – Usually 4 legs – Usually metamorphose – Smooth, moist skin

Amphibian Metamorphosis

Reptilia

• 4 types: – Turtles – Alligators – Snakes – Lizards • 3 traits – Usually 4 legs – Egg with a shell – Dry, scaly skin

Aves

• Traits: – Feathers – Hard-shelled egg – Usually wings for flying • Classification – Beak type – Foot type

• Adaptations for flying – Wings – Hollow, light bones – Feathers – Sternum – Well-developed heart – Well-developed lungs

Birds

• 4 traits – Mammary glands – Body hair – Warm-blooded – Infant dependency • 3 types: – 1 Monotremes – 2 Marsupials – 3 Placental

Mammalia

Mammals: Monotremes

• 2 types – 1 spiny anteater – 2 duckbilled platypus • Reproduction: – Eggs

Mammals: Marsupials

• Location: Australia, • 4 types: – 1 opossum (here) – 2 koala – 3 kangaroo – 4 Tasmanian wolf • Reproduction: – Born very early – Crawl into a pouch – Attach to a mammary gland

Mammals: Placental Mammals

Order: Primates

• Traits: – 1 opposable thumb – 2 learned behavior – 3 big brain • Family: Hominidae • Genus:

Homo

• Species:

Homo sapiens

H.habilis

H.sapiens

Hominids

Homo ergaster H. heidel bergensis Australopithecus afarensis A. robustus H. neanderthalensis H. erectus Ardipithecus ramidus A. africanus A. boisei

Neanderthals vs. Cro-Magnons

New member of

Homo

genus repo •

Homo florensiensis

• Small island in Indonesia: Florens • Short stature • Grapefruit sized skull • Island evolution – Isolation – Inbreeding – Reduced resources – Limited competition – Get smaller • Co-existed with modern humans until 18,000 years ago.

http://www.nature.com/news/specials/flores/index.html

• Domain: • Kingdom: • Phylum: • Class: • Order: • Family: • Genus: • Species:

Who are you?

Eukarya Eukaryote Animalia Chordata Mammalia Animal Chordate Mammal Primata Hominidae

Homo sapiens

Primate Hominid

Human modern