Transcript Slide 1
3.1 Species Modern humans Archaic humans Black ants Red ants sapiens antecessor fusca rufa Genus Homo Family Hominidae Hylobates Polyergus Formica Hylobatidae Vespidae Order Primates Carnivora Isoptera Class Mammalia Aves Arachnida Phylum Kingdom Chordata Formicidae Hymenoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia 3.2 Arthropoda 80 60 Mollusca Annelida Platyhelminthes 40 Brachiopoda Chordata ? Echinodermata 20 Cnidaria ? Porifera 0 610 Mya 543 490 Number of Classes Priapula Orders Nematoda 3.3 Radial symmetry Diploblastic Jellyfish (Cnidaria) Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Protostomes Deuterostomes Acoelomates Planarias (Platyhelminthes) Pseudocoelomates Nematodes (Nematoda) Coelomates Fruitfly (Arthropoda) Aplysia (Mollusca) Earthworms (Annelida) Rats (Chordata) Starfish (Echinodermata) 3.4 Present Phanerozoic Animal diversification First eukaryotes, multicellular organisms 543 Mya Proterozoic 2,500 Mya Archaean First evidence of life 3,600 Mya Hadean Formation of the Earth 4,600 Mya 3.5 3.6 3.7 1 20 12 25 11 2 13 9 19 18 22 24 14 8 15 10 17 5 4 21 23 16 6 7 3 3.8 t: tissues g: gastrulation m: mesoderm b-v: blood-vascular system h: hemocoel c: coelom Chordata (43,000) c Echinodermata (7,000) Annelida (15,000) Brachiopoda (250) b-v h Mollusca (100,000) Anthropoda (>1,000,000) m Platyhelminthes (20,000) Ctenophora (80) g Cnidaria (8,000) t Porifera (5,000) 3.9 Eutheria Placenta Metatheria Mammalia Prototheria Endothermy, fur, mammary glands Testudines Lepidosauria Reptilia Amniotic egg Endothermy, feathers Crocodylia Aves Amphibia Four limbs Sarcopterygii Osteichthyes Actinopterygii Acantodii † Bony skeleton Chondrichthyes Placodermi † Jaws Brain Agnatha 3.10 Paleozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian 543 495 439 Mesozoic Era Devonian Carboniferous Permian 409 354 290 Triassic Jurassic 251 206 Pikaia Conodonts Agnatha Placodermi Acanthodii Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Mammalia Aves Cenozoic Era Cretaceous 144 65 0 3.11 3.12 (a) (b) 3.13 Reptilia Amniota Reptiliomorpha † Anura (Frogs, toads) Gymnophiona (Apodans) Amphibia Urodela (Salamanders, newts) Bratrachomorpha † (Ichthyostega) Tetrapoda Osteoleptiformes † (Eusthenopteron) Dipnoi (Lung fish) Actinistia (Coelacanths) Osteichthyes Sarcopterygii Teleostei (Salmon) Holostei (Lepisosteus) Chondrostei (Sturgeons) Actinopterygii Acanthodii Sharks, rays Chimeras † Chondrychthyes Placodermi † Gnathostomata Vertebrata Lamprey Hagfish Agnatha 3.14 Ichthyosauria † Plesiosauria † Euryapsida Pterodactyla † Aves Saurischia † Ornithischia † Dinosauria † Crocodylia (Crocodiles) Archosauria ? Serpentes (Snakes) Diapsida Lacertilia (Lizards) Lapidosauria Sphenodontida (Tuatara) Anapsida Testudines (turtles) Mammalia Synapsida Therapsida † Pelycosauria † Amniota 3.15 Infraclass Parvclass Superorder (Songbirds) (Storks) (Cranes) (Pigeons) Strigimorphae Strigiformes Musophagiformes (Owls) (Turacos) Apodimorphae Trochiliformes (Hummingbirds) Apodiformes (Swifts) Psittaciformes Cuculiformes (Parrots) (Cuchoos) Coliiformes (Mousebirds) Coraciformes Trogoniformes (Kingfishers) (Trogons) Upupiformes Bucerotiformes (Hoopoes) (Hornbills) Galbutiformes (Jacanas) Piciformes (Woodpeckers) Turniciformes (Turnix) Anserimorphae Anseriformes (Ducks) Gallomorphae Galliformes Craciformes (Chicken) (Guans) Struthioniformes Tinamiformes (Rheas) (Tinoamous birds) Psittacimorphae Cuculimorphae Coliae Coraciimorphae Neognathae Coraciae Bucerotimorphae Galbutimorphae Picae Tunicae Galloanserae Paleognathae Ratitae (Examples) Passeriformes Ciconiformes Gruiformes Columbiformes Passerimorphae Passerae Order 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 Gradual Evolution Punctuated Equilibrium Time Divergence 3.20 Grade 2 Grade 1 3.21 Taxa Character 1 X Y Z Absent Present Present (a) Character 2 Character 3 Character 4 Absent Present Present Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Present Taxon Y Taxon X Taxon Z Characters 3, 4 Characters 1, 2 (b) X Y Z Loss of 1, 2 Loss of 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 (c) X Y Z 3, 4 2 2 1, 2 3.22 (a) Matrix of behavioral data -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2 3 Species 123456789 0123456789 0123456789 01234567 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Phaethon 000000000 0000000000 0000000000 00000000 Fregata 100000000 0000000000 0000000000 00000300 Pelecanus 110000000 0000000000 0000000000 00001400 M. capensis 111000000 1000000101 0001?10001 01002100 M. serrator 111000000 1000000111 0001110001 01002100 M. bassanus 111000000 1000000111 0000110001 01002100 S. leucogaster 111011030 1000000002 0000100000 10102100 S. dactylatra 111011010 1000000002 0000100000 10102100 S. sula 111011010 1000000002 0000100000 00002100 S. nebouxii 111011020 100000000? 0000?00000 00012100 S. variegata 111011020 100000000? 0000?00000 00012100 Anhinga 111?31011 0????10000 0000001?00 00002500 P. varius 111?31011 0????10000 0000001?00 00002500 P. auritus 101231011 0130110000 0101001200 00002511 P. olivaceus 111231011 0130?10000 1100001?00 00002500 P. carbo 101230111 0110210000 1101001300 00002511 P. penicillatus 111140111 0120110000 0010001000 00002600 P. pelagicus 101140111 0121201000 0001001210 00002710 P. urile 111140111 0121201000 0000001210 00002700 P. aristotelis 111150031 0110300000 0011001100 00002610 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) Majority consensus cladogram P. urile P. pelagicus P. aristotelis v’ P. auritus P. varius P. olivaceus P. carbo P. penicillatus Anhinga v b v’’ M. bassanus M. serrator M. capensis S. variegata S. nebouxii S. sula S. dactylaira S. leucogaster Pelecanus Fregata Phaethon