Transcript REALITY THERAPY - وب نوشت علی صاحبی

Choice Theory &
Reality Therapy In
Action
Dr. Ali Sahebi (Ph.D)
March 2010
EMPHASIS
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Choice
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Responsibility
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Evaluation
BEHAVIOUR
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We choose our behaviours to satisfy
our needs at any given time
A person’s behaviour at any given
time is their best effort to meet their
needs
Behaviour is holistic/total – actingthinking – feeling – physiology, and
most of these are choices
Behaviour contd./…
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Originates from within and not form
some external stimuli
Emphasis on choice of and
responsibility for our behaviour
TOTAL BEHAVIOUR (holistic)
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Acting
Thinking
Feeling
Physiology
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Most of them are choices
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NEEDS
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Survival
Belonging and Love
Power
Freedom
Fun
A person’s behaviour at any given
time is their best effort to meet their
needs
Survival
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To survive as individuals and as a
species
Physical needs for food, water, air,
safety, shelter,
Need for a sense of security in
respect of the on-going provision of
basic needs
Love and Belonging
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Need to love and care for others
To believe that we are loved and cared for
Unsatisfactory or non-existent ‘connections’
with people are the major source of all
almost all long-term human problems
(Glasser ,1998)
Whatever the presenting problem
disconnectedness according to Glasser will
be the underlying cause or issue
Power/Self-Worth
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Need for a sense of empowerment,
worthiness, self-efficacy and
achievement
Need to be able and capable
It implies a sense of achievement,
accomplishment, pride, importance
and self-esteem
Freedom
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Need for
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Independence and autonomy
The ability to make choices
To express oneself freely
Freedom
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Internal blocks to freedom
External blocks to freedom
Fun
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The desire to enjoy school (a job)
To have a sense of humour
To engage in a hobby
To have a feeling of excitement about
a work project or a leisure time
activity
Fun is the internal payoff for learning
Important in relationships
NEEDS - WANTS
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Needs genetic instructions’ are
common to all people
Wants are the way we meet our
needs
If a person’s behaviour is their best
way of meeting their needs
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What needs is the behaviour meeting?
Are there more effective ways of meeting the
need?
Can we engage in a collaborative effort to find
better ways of meeting this need?
SPECIFIC WANTS
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Human beings develop specific wants
Each person, as they grow and
interacting with family and culture
develop specific and unique wants as
to how needs are to be met
We have wants related to each need
These are analogous to pictures in
that each one is specific
Responsibility
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By helping clients to take
responsibility for their behavioural
choices rather than accepting that
they are victims of their own
impulses, past history, other people
or present circumstances they are
able to make dramatic chances.
We are influenced by the past but not
controlled by it.
Emphasis
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An effort to teach, encourage and
help clients to take responsibility for
their behaviour
Personal responsibility is at the heart
of therapeutic change
OUR QUALITY WORLD
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The people we want to be with
The things we most want to own or
experience
The ideas or systems of beliefs that
govern our behaviour
Our assumptions
PICTURE ALBUM
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Contains pictures that meet a specific
need
Love
Are the pictures realistic?
Do they need to be changed?
Am I prepared to change them?
In conflict, compromise is necessary.
PICTURE ALBUMS
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We control our mental images or
pictures
Put them in, exchange them or throw
them out
We always have the option of
choosing some more positive
behaviour
Contd./…
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This extensive collection of pictures or
wants is called a ‘mental picture
album (Glasser, 1984) and the
‘quality world’ (Glasser, 1990)
Quality World
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What does it mean when we change
what is in our quality world?
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Persons
Situations
Believes
BELIEF SYSTEM
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Much of my behaviour is a response
to external signals
Other people can control how I think,
feel and act
I have a right to punish others who
do not do what I want them to do
SUCCESS IDENTITY
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Effective and need fulfilling behaviour
Able to give and receive love
Experience a sense of self worth
Involved with others in a caring way
Meet their needs in ways that are not
at the expense of others
FAILURE IDENTITY
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See themselves as unloved,
unwanted, rejected
Unable to become intimately involved
with others
Unable to make and stick with
commitments
Are generally helpless
THEORY
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Discounts the concept of mental
illness
Focuses on moral issues
Past is largely ignored in favour of the
present
Does not recognise transference
Unconscious is largely ignored
CHOICES - Depression
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Continue to depress yourself
Change what you are doing to get
what you want
Change what you want
Change both what you want and what
you are doing to get what you want
We can even choose misery
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Why is depression a choice?
Why would a person choose to be
depressed?
What are the advantages/gains of
being depressed?
We should always look at secondary
gains in relation to choice
Reasons for choosing misery
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To keep angering under control
To attract help
To excuse not taking action
To control others
Never let anyone control you by the
pain and misery (s)he chooses for
themselves
Counselling - School
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For a successful counselling
relationship (therapeutic alliance) the
counsellor should be in the client’s
quality world
School should be in the client’s
quality world
We can change what is in our quality
world, put new persons/things in and
take persons/things that are already
there out.
Goals of Reality Therapy
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Teach choice theory for
understanding behaviour
Raise awareness of choosing misery
Increase client’s sense of
responsibility
Assist clients to have realistic pictures
in their albums to meet their needs
Assist in implementing new
behaviours
Practice of Reality Therapy
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Building an appropriate relationship
Evaluate present behaviour
Look at possible alternatives for
getting what the client wants out of
life
Selecting alternative for reaching
goals
Develop a behavioural plan
Not giving up
Build Relationship
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Use attending
behaviours
Suspend judgement
Do the unexpected
Use humour
Establish boundaries
Share self
Listen for metaphors
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Listen for themes
Summarise and
focus
Allow
consequences
Allow silence
Show empathy
Be ethical
Create anticipation
and communicate
hope
Contd./…
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Don’t argue
Don’t boss manage
Don’t criticise or
coerce
Don’t demean
Don’t encourage
excuses
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Don’t instil fear
Don’t give up
easily
WDEP SYSTEM
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Discuss wants and perceptions
Discuss directions and doings
Self evaluation
Formulate a plan of action
Discuss Wants & Perception
Wants Questions
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Ask clients what they want?
Ask what they want to avoid?
Ask what they want regarding needs?
Ask who they want to be?
Ask how they see (perceive) their control,
themselves and the others?
Discussion of Direction
Ask Clients About Their Overall Direction.
 Where is the accumulation of your
current choices taking you?
 Are you headed in a direction where
you want to be in a month, a year, 2
years?
 As Glasser stated, “ Ask client…about
the direction they would like to take
their lives?
Self Evaluation
Self Evaluation is the heart, the essence, the most
important component, the quintessential segment of
the delivery system.
Glasser (1972) described SE as “the basis for Change”
“If there is a specific time in Reality Therapy when people
begin to change, it is when the client evaluates what
he or she is doing and begins to answer the question,
“Is it helping?”
Self Evaluation contd./…
People do not change until they decide that
what they are doing does not help them
accomplish what they want (Glasser, 1980).
Self Evaluation is the keystone in the arch of
procedure. It holds the other together, and
if it is to removed, the arch crumbles
(Wubbolding, 1990, 1991)
Self-evaluation Questions
Self-evaluation
Questions
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Is your overall
behaviour taking you
where you want to go?
Is this specific action
to your best
advantage?
Is what you tell
yourself really helping
you?
Is what you want
realistically attainable?
Plan of Action
Ask Clients to make plans to more
effectively fulfill their wants and needs
without infringing on the rights of
others to do the same
Plan of Action
Successful planning is SMART:
S: Simple, small and Specific
M: Measurable
A: Aligned with wants
R: Realistic (reasonable and
responsible)
T: Time Framed
** Written in the present tense as if it has already
occurred
Plan of Action Questions
Plan of Action
Questions
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What else can you Do?
What (action) steps will
you need to accomplish
your goal?
What resources do you
need?
What knowledge or
skills you need to
accomplish this goal?
How will you know if
the plan is successful?
Questions
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What do you want?
What are you doing?
Is what you are doing getting you
what you want?
If not are there other thing you could
do?
Which of these would you like to try
first?
When?
APPROACH
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Let’s begin by talking about what you
have been doing to solve the problem
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In what way is it helping?
Is your behaviour in touch with reality?
Is what you are doing the responsible thing to
do?
Is your behaviour effective?
If your behaviour is not getting you what you
want, what would you like to do differently?
Will we make a plan?
CENTRAL TAKS
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To assist clients in evaluating their
behaviour in the context of meeting
their needs.
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What do you really want?
Is what you are doing getting you what
you really want?
Are there other better ways of getting
what you want?
What are some of these other ways?
Format
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What did you do?
What is our agreement about that
What were you supposed to do?
What are you going to do next time?
Do you want to write out the plan or
will I do it for you
Let’s check tomorrow (next week) on
the plan
Basic Steps
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Establish a relationship
Identify the problem
Evaluate present behaviour
Develop a plan that will help to
resolve the problem
Obtain commitment for the plan
Structure for evaluation of the plan
DEVELOPING AN ACTION PLAN
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The ‘action stage’ of the ‘Egan Model’
will be helpful here:
Goal setting and scenario setting
Balance sheet
Brainstorming and selection
Shaping a plan
Forced field analysis
MEETING NEEDS
NEED
Survival
Belonging and love
Power
Freedom
Fun
HOW DID I MEET IT?
MEETING NEEDS
NEED
Survival
Belonging and love
Power
Freedom
Fun
HOW DID I FACILIT
ATE n.. IN
MEETING NEEDS
Contribution
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Short-term therapy
Clients self-evaluation and plan
People are responsible for who they
are and who they are becoming
Clients sense of control
LIMITATIONS:
No focus on the unconscious, dreams,
transference
People choose disorders; depressing
Plans for how someone should live their life
should be made jointly and not just by the
therapist
READING
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Glasser, W. (1986) Choice Theory in the
Classroom New York, Harper Collins
Glasser, W. (1992) The Quality School ,
New York, Harper Collins
Glasser, W. (1993) The Quality School
Teacher,New York, Harper Collins
Glasser, W. (1998) Choice Theory,New
York, Harper Collins
Cont’d./…
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Glasser, W. (2006) Every Student
Can Succeed, Chatsworth, CA,
Wikkiam Glasser Inc.
Nelson-Jones, R. (1995) The Theory
and Practice of Counselling, New
York, Cassell.
pp 92-109
Wubbolding, R. (1988) Using Reality
Therapy, New York, Harper and Row.
Contd./…
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Wubbolding, R. and Brickell, J. (1999)
Counselling with Reality Therapy.
Oxford, Speechmark Publishing