Transcript Psychopathy & Facial Emotion Detection

Psychopathy & Facial
Emotion Detection
Timothy C. Bates
[email protected]
PCL: The “gold standard”
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Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)
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Hare, 1995
Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R)
• Hare, 1991.
• see Hare, 1991, 1996; Hart, Har ,&Harpur, 1992).
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Uses clinical ratings based from a 2 hour
semistructured interview combined with a
review of file information.
PCL 2-factor structure
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Factor I
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Grandiosity
Absence of guilt
Callousness
• Cleckley (1941/1982)
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Factor II
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chronic antisocial and criminal lifestyle
• more akin to DSM ASPD
Self reports
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
Psychopathic Deviate scale
• Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989),
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California Psychological Inventory Socialization
scale
• (Gough, 1969)
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Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II Antisocial
• (Millon, 1987)
Problems with self report
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Moderate Factor II correlations (.3-.4)
Close to zero with Factor I
• Harpur, Hare, & Hakstian, 1989; Hart, Forth, & Hare,
1991.
Other problems
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A core element of psychopathy is
impression management
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Not apologizing, maximizing their own
reputation, silencing dissent and
dissimulating
• Hare et al., 1989
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Why would they, then self-report
psychopathic behavior?
PPI (Lilienfeld & Andrews,
1996)
Eight Subscales
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Machiavellian Egocentricity (30 items)
Narcissistic and ruthless attitudes in
interpersonal functioning.
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“I always look out for my own interests before
worrying about those of the other guy”
Social Potency(24 items) Perceived ability
to influence and manipulate others.
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“Even when others are upset with me, I can
usually win them over with my charm”
PPI
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Coldheartedness (21items) Callousness,
guiltlessness, and an absence of
sentimentality.
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“I have had ‘crushes’ on people that were so
intense that they were painful” [false]
Carefree Nonplanfulness (20 items)
Indifference in planning one’s actions.
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“I often make the same errors in judgment
over and over again”
PPI
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Fearlessness (19 items) Absence of anticipatory
anxiety concerning harm and the willingness to
participate in risky activities.
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“Making a parachute jump would really frighten me”
[false])
Blame Externalization, (18 items) Blame others
for one’s problems and to rationalize one’s own
misbehavior.
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“I usually feel that people give me the credit I
deserve” [false])
PPI
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Impulsive Nonconformity, (17 items) Reckless
lack of concern regarding social mores.
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“I sometimes question authority figures ‘just for the
hell of it’” [true])
Stress Immunity, (11 items): Absence of marked
reactions to anxiety-provoking events.
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“I can remain calm in situations that would make
many other people panic”
PPI Validity Scales
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Deviant Responding (10 items). Malingering,
careless responding, comprehension
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“During the day, I generally see the world in color
rather than in black-and-white”
Unlikely Virtues (14 items). Socially desirable
impression management.
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“I have always been completely fair to others”
• derived from Tellegen’s (1978) Multidimensional Personality
Questionnaire and measure
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Variable Response Inconsistency
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Sum of the absolute differences between 40 item
pairs with high intercorrelations.
Validity
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Most self-report indexes of psychopathy fail to
correlate with PCL or other diagnostic ratings
PPI correlates with questionnaire, interview, and
rating measures of Primary Psychopathy
• (Lilienfeld, 1990; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996).
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PPI & PCL-R factor 1 correlate > .45
• (Poythress, Edens, & Lilienfeld, 1998; Lilienfeld et al., 1998)
Predicts
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Violence and recidivism
• Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1996
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Poor passive-avoidance learning
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withholding responses that lead to
punishment
• Belmore & Quinsey, 1994; Newman & Kosson, 1986.
Lykken (1957)
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Suggested that
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Psychopaths are deficient in fear
Everything else follows from that
Predicts some unlikely things
• Heroic people are psychopaths
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Ignores some likely things
• You have not only to not fear punishment, but to desire the
activity - are we all simply restrained from evil by fear?
• Reciprocity may exist
• I must not only not fear you, I must not empathize with your
pain
Effortful Control
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Raine
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Damasio
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Infant Head injury can create sociopathy
Jensen-Campbell (2002)
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Reduced prefrontal cortex in murderers
A & C related to reduced Stroop and Wisconsin
Bates (submitted)
• A & C related to frontal damage scales
• Attentional network performance
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Lynam: Delinquency & IQ/Executive fn
Social information Processing
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Raine: reduced PFC volume in murderers
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Psychopathy & the Face
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We display emotions on our faces
Psychopaths have severe emotional
disturbances
Perhaps face processing will reflect
individual differences in psychopathic
information processing?
While there appears to be a
“face” area in the fusiform gyrus
Haxby,2002
Faces evoke a diverse range of
systems
Haxby,2002
Morphs
QuickT ime™ and a TI FF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this pict ure.
Fear is the key?
a)
b)
c)
d)
A great book by Alistair MacLean
A good movie by Michael Tuchner
A thing in which Psychopaths are
deficient
All of the above
Psychopathy & FFM
Is psychopathy a normal trait?
NEO weightings
C oefficient
Std. C oeff.
F-to-Re m ove
Intercept
296.472
296.472
137.343
A1Trust
-.697
-.190
8.180
A5Modesty
-.772
-.199
9.578
A6Tendermindedness
-.662
-.150
5.094
C5Self-Discipline
-1.460
-.400
45.098
E5Excitement Seeking
1.480
.325
30.112
N1Anxiety
-1.918
-.435
36.317
N2Angry Host ilit y
1.446
.371
26.321
O2Aesthet ics
.703
.133
4.818
O4Act ions
.659
.161
7.093
NEO-PI R Regression graph
Dependent vs. Fitted
Step: 11
450
400
PPI
350
300
250
200
150
100
100
150
200
250
Fitted PPI
300
350
400
But no sig relationships to personality appear