Transcript Document

• About this course
• How do you take this course?
• What is AI?
Take 10 minutes to
• Look up the words or terms in this file from a dictionary.
• Write down their translations in A4 paper.
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Objective of this course
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of ideas that enable computers
to be intelligent. The goals of the field of artificial intelligence are to
make computers more useful and to understand the principles that
make intelligence possible. This course will cover the following
topics: introduction of AI and intelligent agents, problem solving and
search methods, knowledge representation, planning, reasoning,
reasoning under uncertainty, and learning mechanism.
Upon successful completion of this course, the student should
be able to
(1) understand basic ideas of artificial intelligence,
(2) master essential techniques of artificial intelligence,
(3) apply the techniques to a simple problem solving or intelligent controls
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Each Lecture (スケジュール)
taking attendance / look at dictionary (10 minutes)
Lecturing
quiz time (sometimes)
Evaluation Policy
1.
Attendance:
30% (15x2)
2.
Final Exam:
70%
Requirements:
1.
Come to lecture in time （遅れないように）.
2.
Do not talk when I am lecturing (授業中、喋ないように).
3.
Bring a A4 paper, which for answering quizzes.
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Text books
[1] “Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach”,
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall,
ISBN 0-13- 103805-2 (English version).
[2] “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能”,
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig 著, 古川康一監訳、
共立出版, ISBN 4-320-02878-3 (Japanese version).
References
[1] “Constructing Intelligent Agents with Java”,
Joseph P. Bigus and Jennifer Bigus,
Wiley Computer Publishing.
[2] “Artificial Intelligence”, 3rd Edition,
Patrick Henry Winston, Addison Wesley,
ISBN 0-201-53377-4.
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Suggested ways of study
1.
Pre-study (予習)
Read lecture notes.
http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~rhuang/Miccl/hehome/index.html
Read textbook. “エージェントアプロ－チ人工知能”
2. Look at dictionary
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What is AI (Artificial Intelligence, 人工知能)?
• Understand
The field AI attempts to understand intelligent entities.
• Apply
The study of AI is for applying constructed intelligent entities
to computers or machines.
• Impact
Computers with human-level intelligence would have a huge
impact on our everyday life.
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• Definition of AI
“The exciting new effort to make
computers think … machine with
minds, … ” (Haugeland, 1985)
“The study of mental faculties
through the use of computational
models” (Charniak and McDermott,
1985)
“Activities that we associated with
human thinking, activities such as
decision-making, problem solving,
learning … “ (Bellman, 1978)
“ The study of the computations
that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act” (Winston, 1992)
“The art of creating machines that
perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by
people” (Kurzweil, 1990)
“A field of study that seeks to
explain and emulate intelligent
behavior in terms of computational
processes” (Schalkoff, 1990)
“The study of how to make
computers do things at which, at
the moment, people are better”
(Rich and Knight, 1991)
“The branch of computer science
that is concerned with the
automation of intelligent behavior”
(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
In conclusion, they falls into four categories: Systems that
think like human, act like human, think rationally, or act rationally.
What is your definition of AI?
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AI Foundations?
AI inherited many ideas, viewpoints and techniques from other
disciplines.
To investigate
human mind
Theories of reasoning
and learning
AI
Linguistic
Mathematics
The meaning and
structure of language
CS
Make AI a reality
Theories of logic probability,
decision making and
computation
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• History
- Study of intelligence
For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how
seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could, should be done.
- Appearance of computers
Computer projects were started in 1940s.
* early: chess programs, simulation of 40 neurons，…
* great expectations: “Electronic Super-Brain”, “Faster Than Einstein” , …
- Study of AI
It was formally initiated in 1956.
(Two months workshop by Mc Carthy brought together US researchers
and all agreed on Mc Carthy’s proposed name for this field: AI)
Lisp became the dominant AI programming language.
(proposed by Mc Carthy )
e.g. the Logic Theorist, General Problem Solver, Geometry Theorem Prover
(Mc Carthy’s first complete AI systems).
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Software intelligent agents
Collaborative agents
Smart Agents
Interface Agents
Multi-Agents
Mobile Agents
Hybrid Agents
Information Agents
Heterogeneous Agents
Reactive Agents
……
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Some development environments and tools
• Agent Building Environment (ABE)
-- developer's toolkit product alpha
• JATLite (Java Agent Template, Lite)
-- a package of programs written in the Java language
that allow users to quickly create new software "agents"
that communicate robustly over the Internet.
• Jess (Jave Expert System Shell)
-- a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely
in Sun's Java language.
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- AI became an industry in 1980s
* Commercial expert system, R1, began operation at Digital Equipment
Corporation in 1982.
* Japan proposed to develop 5th generation computer (intelligent
computer) project (10 years plan) in 1986.
http://www.japanlaw.com/lawletter/july86/ekf.htm
News
Japanese efforts to develop artificial
intelligence the use of computers to
draw inferences and make judgments
-- is gaining momentum as 19 major
companies have recently established
the Artificial Intelligence Joint
Research Society and the Artificial
Intelligence Center.
The 8 participants companies are:
Hitachi, NEC, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Sharp,
Oki Electric, Mitsubishi Electronic
and Matsushita Electric Industrial.
Mitsubishi Electric in May 1986
became the first firm to commercialize
a product developed under the 5th
Generation Computer Project which
aims at developing AI, software
development.
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Robots
Sony says next decade the age of the robot
Asimo in New York as a stockbroker
http://www.honda.co.jp/ASIMO/event/report_08.html
Robots--working for Japan's future?
That is one goal of the Japanese government's $37.7 million
Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP), which aims to market within a
few years robots that can operate power shovels, assist
construction workers and care for the elderly. In the process, a
new multibillion-dollar Japanese industry could be born.
Robot competitions/exhibitions around the world
K'NEX K-bot World Championships
"ROBODEX2002“, Pacifico Yokohama Exhibition Hall,
1-1-1, Minatomorai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
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IEEE Spectrum Latest News:
Autonomous Vehicle on the Road, Ultrasensitive Artificial Skin, and more
https://mail.google.com/mail/?hl=ja&shva=1#label/research2010/12b34cd26ce8b895
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Ｑｕｉｚ：
Ｗｈy and how a robot can play soccer?
 Why and how a robot can help sick kids?
 Why and how a no-driver vehicle can
drive from Parma to Shanghai?
(give me the answer to one of the above
questions in Japanese)

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