Litigation - Mercer University
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Transcript Litigation - Mercer University
Jody Blanke, Professor
Computer Information Systems and Law
Mercer University, Atlanta
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Title VII
a.
It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer 1.
to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or
otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to
his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment because of such individual’s race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin; or
2.
To limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for
employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive
any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise
adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such
individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C.A. sec.
2000e et seq., sec. 703(a)
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Title VII
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of:
Race
Color
Gender
Religion
National origin
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Title VII
For purposes of making decisions regarding:
Hiring
Firing
Training
Discipline
Compensation
Benefits
Classification
Other terms or conditions of employment
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Title VII
Applies to all public (federal, state and local) and
private employers with 15 or more employees
Covers all levels of employees (managerial and hourly)
Exemption - permits religious institutions and
associations to discriminate when performing their
activities
Petruska v. Gannon University, p.78
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Filing Claims under Title VII
Employee files a claim with the EEOC
EEOC notifies the employer
Title VII includes antiretaliatory provisions
Mediation
EEOC investigation
No-Reasonable-Cause Finding
EEOC issues employee a right-to-sue letter
Exhaustion of administrative remedies
Reasonable-Cause Finding
Conciliation
Civil suit filed in federal district court
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Filing Claims under Title VII
In 2007, there were 82,792 charges filed with the EEOC
12.2% were settled
17.8% were closed
e.g., failure to pursue claim
59.3% resulted in findings of no reasonable cause
5.0% resulted in findings of reasonable cause
the EEOC was successful in 91.5% of its litigation
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State Agencies
Many state and local agencies often contract with the
EEOC to become a “706” agency. These agencies can
process EEOC claims. The EEOC will often defer a
complaint to a 706 agency before investigating the
matter itself.
Georgia Fair Employment Practices Act of 1978 protects
public employees in Georgia, O.C.G.A §§ 45-19-20 et seq.
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Theoretical Bases for Title VII
Lawsuits
Disparate Treatment
Disparate Impact
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Disparate Treatment
Employee’s Prima Facie Case:
Employee is a member of the class of persons protected
by Title VII,
Employee applied for and was qualified for a job for
which the employer was seeking applicants,
That despite these qualifications, employee was rejected,
and
After this rejection, the position remained open and the
employer continued to seek applicants with those same
qualifications.
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Disparate Treatment
Employer’s Defense:
Employer can defend by showing that it had a
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision.
Employee’s Counter:
Employee must prove that the grounds offered by the
employer were merely a pretext for its actions and that
discrimination was the real reason.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, p. 89
Black civil rights activist protested after being laid off and was
not rehired when new position became available. Supreme
Court remanded case to give Green a chance to prove pretext.
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Disparate Treatment
Employer may defend by showing that there is a bona
fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) that is
reasonably necessary to the employer’s business
Available only in cases involving gender, religion and
national origin (not for race or color)
The basis for preferring one group over another goes to
the essence of what the employer is in business to do
Predominant attributes of the group discriminated
against are inconsistent with that business
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Disparate Treatment
BFOQ examples
Airlines and bus companies can have maximum age
requirements
Airlines cannot hire only females as flight attendants
Wilson v. Southwest Airlines, p. 92
Playboy can hire only females as Playboy Bunny servers
Essence of business – male entertainment
Hooters cannot hire only females as Hooters servers
Essence of business – serving spicy chicken wings
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Disparate Impact
Discrimination can be established by proving that an
employment practice, although neutral on its face,
disproportionately affects a protected group in a negative
way.
Courts have determined the that the following screening
devices have a disparate impact:
Educational requirement – race, e.g., Griggs v. Duke Power, p. 94
Credit status – gender, race
Arrest record – race
Unwed pregnancy – gender, race
Height and weight requirements – gender, national origin
Marital status – gender
Conviction of crime unrelated to job performance - race
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Disparate Impact
The Four-Fifths Rule is a rule of thumb that permits a 20%
margin between the outcomes of the majority and the
minority under a given screening device
i.e., disparate impact is statistically demonstrated when the rate for
a protected group is less than 80% (or four-fifths) of the higher
scoring majority group
Employer can rebut the employee’s prima facie case by
showing the existence of a business necessity
e.g., requirement of credit history may result in fewer women hired,
but handling large sums of money may warrant credit check
Employee would then have to prove that there is a means of
addressing the issue that has less of an adverse impact
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