Transcript Slide 1

Impoundments: Research-based
Alternative Management Concepts
Ed Hanlon, Soil & Water Concepts
Sanjay Shukla, Hydrology and Water Quality Concepts
Marty Main, Wildlife Research
Pam Roberts, Plant Pathology Research
Tatiana Borisova, Water Economics and Policy
Managing the Land to Manage the Water
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Impoundments in Caloosahatchee Basin
Lake
Okeechobee
Permitted (1 inch)
Distributed
Privately owned
~1/3 have
functional
wetlands
~2/3 have
additional
uplands
All of them leak!
Clewiston
LaBelle
Ft. Myers
Water Use Permits
Impoundments
N
W
E
S
0
20 Miles
2
Upland Impoundment
3500
31
Impoundment - returnflow
Impoundment - outf low
Impoundment - w es t side
3000
rain
dis charge
C-pump
2500
Water level (ft NGVD)
29
2000
ground
28
1500
27
1000
26
500
0
25
O-99
Pump (rpm) or Rain (in x 1000)
30
N-99
D-99
J-00
F-00
M-00
A-00
M-00
J-00
J-00
A-00
S-00
O-00
N-00
D-00
J-01
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Water Budget for Impoundments
Evapotranspiration (4 to 32%) Rain (4 to 29%)
Pumped inflow
71 to 96%
Outflow
31 – 39%
subsurface movement
35 to 61%
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Water Supply from Impoundments
Alternative Thickness (in)
Description
6
Lining entire reservoir
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2
3
6
12
N/A
Lining inside ditch and embankments
Lining inside ditch and embankments
Recirculation
Weeks of irrigation
13
3
4
4
Weeks of irrigation based on average weekly use
in the grove during the irrigation season
Shukla and Jaber (2006, 2005, 2004) – EDIS, ASCE Hydrol. Engg, ASCE Irrig. and Drain. Engg, and ASAE Transact.
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Wildlife in Impoundments
• Most avian species/numbers:
Wetlands
• Seasonal water levels influenced
bird community changes
• Bird species/numbers increased
with lower water levels (foraging
habitat improved)
• Deer, hogs (panther prey):
Uplands
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• 85 avian species, resident and
migratory
• 37% of native avian species
• 65% of nesting birds
• 5 species, state or federally listed
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Impoundments
Permitted Impoundments
Retain Stormwater (1 inch=2 feet depth)
Provide Habitat
Improve Water Quality
Additional Strategies
Increase retention (store more than 1 inch)
Control water level in wetlands and
ephemeral zone (berms, for example)
Re-use water at beginning of dry season
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Options for Using Water from Impoundment
Agricultural (and urban) irrigation
Reduce groundwater usage
Urban/Agricultural partnership
Water quality / quantity credit trading
Distributed impoundments – water supply – ASR
Encourage landowners to store water
(internal drainage or external)
ASR: Aquifer Storage and Recovery
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Impoundments
Recyclable Water Containment Area
(RWCA)
• Land temporarily used to
contain water for water
quality and storage
purposes
• Land is later returned to
other uses (rotation)
RWCAs: Recycle nutrients; Store water; Release water
slowly; Decrease flows to the coast
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RWCA
• 40% of water
movement is
through berm to
Outside Borrow
Ditch
• Co-precipitation
of P and organics
is possible
(Hanlon et al.,
2007)
• Treatment byproducts may be
returned to crop
land safely
• Proof of concept stage
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Tailwater Recovery Systems
• Collects water on downhill side from
agricultural operations
• Pumping moves water for irrigation
reuse
• Decreased Consumptive Use
• Must address risk of disease for crops
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Disease Risks
Percentage of Pythium species causing pre- and post-emergence
damping off
13%
9%
13%
35%
Pythium Group F
P. aphanidermatum
P. myriotylum
Pythium spp.
P. irregulare
30%
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Disease Risks
• Slow Sand Filtration
– Prevents spread of pathogens
– Effectively removes human and animal
contaminants (fecal coliforms-yuck)
– Colonized by suppressive microorganisms
– Proven for commercial nursery and
greenhouse operations
• Not demonstrated for vegetables,
sugarcane, and field forages
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Re-use from Current Structures
with Soil Filtration
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Re-use from Current Structures
with Soil Filtration
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Water Quality Credit Trading
Innovative mechanism proposed to address surface
water quality
Objectives:
Reduce the overall cost of meeting water quality goals in a
basin
Allow individual entities flexibility in choosing pollution
abatement technologies
Provide individual entities with incentives to innovate in
the pollution abatement sphere
Address future growth in the basin while meeting water
quality goals
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How Does Water Quality Credit Trading
Work?
Pollution control costs can differ from source to
source.
Overall costs of achieving pollution reduction goals in
a Basin can be minimized by allowing sources to
reallocate reductions according to their pollutionabatement costs.
Well-designed trading programs can achieve this
allocation by harnessing the forces of the market.
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Simplified Example
Two separate entities within a basin
Each have a water discharge that contributes to
phosphorus (P) loading.
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Simplified Example (cont.)
Trading scenario:
WWTP would pay the farmer to remove an extra unit of
phosphorus at the lower cost.
Payment that the WWTP makes to the farmer is negotiated
between them.
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Challenges
Setting pollution cap / baseline for individual entities
Measuring pollution reduction credits
High transaction costs of finding trading partner and
negotiating agreement
Enforcing trading contract and liability issues
P, N
$
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Water Quality Credit Trading –
Nationwide Perspective
Source: US EPA 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/tradingmap.html
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Water Quality Credit Trading –
Nationwide Perspective (cont.)
US EPA:
2003: Final Water Quality Trading Policy.
(http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/finalpolicy2003.html )
2004: Water Quality Trading Assessment Handbook
(http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading/handbook/ )
2007: Watershed-Based NPDES Permitting
(http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/wqbasedpermitting/wspermitting.cfm )
USDA:
2006: Water Quality Credit Trading Agreement with US EPA
(http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/releases/2006/usdaepawqagreement.html )
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Water Quality Credit Trading - Florida
FDEP. 2006. Water Quality Credit Trading: A Report
to the Governor and Legislature.
(http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/tmdl/docs/WQ_CreditTradingReport_final_December2006.pdf )
CS/HB 547: Water Pollution Control
(http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/sections/bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=37955 )
Lower St. Johns River TMDL Executive Committee.
2008. Lower St Johns River Basin Management
Action Plan (Draft)
(http://www.dep.state.fl.us/northeast/stjohns/TMDL/tmdl_announcements.htm )
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Potential Water Quantity Credits
If allowed by regulations:
Quantity credits for reducing urban
stormwater volume?
Quantity credits for alternative on-farm
stormwater use?
Reduction of agricultural water pumping from
ground / surface water sources?
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Your turn…
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