Transcript Fungi - Weebly

Kingdom Fungi
FUNGI ARE A GROUP OF LIVING
ORGANISMS HAVING A BODY CALLED
MYCELIUM MADE UP OF HYPHAE,
WHICH ARE THE COENOCYTIC (MULTI
NUCLEATED)
1
Characteristics
2
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
Non photosynthetic
Non chlorophyllous
 Eukaryotes
 Non motile
 Most are saprobes
(live on dead
organisms)
3
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food first & then
absorb it into their bodies
 Release digestive enzymes to
break down organic material
or their host
 Store food energy as
glycogen
BREAD MOLD
4
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Important
decomposers
 Most are multicellular,
except unicellular yeast
 Lack true roots, stems
or leaves
MULTICELLULAR
MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR YEAST
5
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Cell
walls are made of chitin
(complex polysaccharide)
 Body is called the Thallus
 Grow as microscopic tubes
or filaments called hyphae
6
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Some
fungi are internal or
external parasites
 A few fungi act like predators &
capture prey like roundworms
Predaceous
Fungi feeding on
a Nematode
(roundworm)
7
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Some
are edible, while others
are poisonous
EDIBLE
POISONOUS
8
•Spore production and dispersal is enormously efficient in fungi and plants of the same species crowded together in fields are ripe for at
 Parasites
- feeding on
living tissue of a host.
Parasites
that cause
disease are called
pathogens.
9
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Produce
both
sexual and
asexual spores
 Classified by
their sexual
reproductive
structures
Spores come
in various
shapes
10
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Grow
best in warm, moist
environments
 Mycology is the study of fungi
 Mycologists study fungi
 A fungicide is a chemical used to
kill fungi
Fungicide
kills leaf
fungus
11
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI
 Fungi
include
puffballs, yeasts,
mushrooms,
toadstools, rusts,
smuts, ringworm, and
molds
 The antibiotic
penicillin is made by
the Penicillium mold
Penicillium mold
Puffball
12
AGARICUS ( MUSHROOM)

Some species of
agaricus are
commonly
cultivated as a
food, for example,
the button
mushroom,
Agaricus
campestris.
13
An effort is being made to
increase the cultivation of
additional species of
mushrooms, specialy in Asia.
 Some can be grown on
waste products. Many have
high protein content.

14
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNGI & PLANT

The (carbohydrate) molecule used to
store energy in fungi is glycogen.
Glycogen is also used to store energy
in the muscle and liver cells of animals
but plants have a different storage
molecule, called starch.
15

Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means
they lack the chlorophyll pigments present
in the chloroplasts in plant cells and which
are necessary for photosynthesis. Fungi
are therefore incapable of
photosynthesis
16
The Importance of Fungi
USEFULL FUNGI
17
FOOD
Fungi are also important directly as food
for humans. Many mushrooms are edible
and different species are cultivated for
sale worldwide.
 While this is a very small proportion of the
actual food that we eat, fungi are also
widely used in the production of many
foods and drinks.
 These include cheeses, beer and wine,
bread, some cakes, and some soya bean
products.

18
MEDICINES

Penicillin, perhaps the most famous
of all antibiotic drugs, is derived
from a common fungus called
Penicillium.
Many other fungi also produce
antibiotic substances, which are now
widely used to control diseases in
human and animal populations.
 The discovery of antibiotics
revolutionized health care
worldwide.

19
SOIL FERTILITY
They maintain the soil
fertility by decomposing
the dead organic matter.
 E.g
 Mycorrhizal Fungi

20
HAMRFUL FUNGI
FOOD SPOILAGE

The fungi which make our bread
and jam go mouldy are only
recycling organic matter, even
though in this case, we would
prefer that it didn't happen!
Fungal damage can be
responsible for large losses of
stored food, particularly food
which contains any moisture
21
HUMAN DISEASE

Fungi cause a number of
diseases in human beings
like aspergillosis (ear,
lungs diseases)
moniliases (skin, mouth,
gums diseases)
22
PLANT DISEASE

Spore production
and dispersal is
enormously
efficient in fungi
and plants of the
same species
crowded together
in fields are ripe
for attack.
23
Vegetative Structures
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
24
•Hyphae can grow and form a
network called a mycelium.
When a mycelium reaches a
certain size (the size depends on
the species of the fungus), it
begins to form structures
called sporangia
whose function is to
release spores
25
HYPHAE
 Tubular
shape
 ONE continuous
cell
 Filled with
cytoplasm & nuclei
 Multinucleate
 Hard cell wall of
chitin also in insect
exoskeletons
26
HYPHAE
Stolons –
horizontal hyphae
that connect
groups of hyphae
to each other
 Rhizoids – rootlike
parts of hyphae
that anchor the
fungus

STOLON
RHIZOIDS
27
HYPHAE
 Cross-walls
called
SEPTA may form
compartments
 Septa have pores
for movement of
cytoplasm
 Form network called
mycelia that run
through the thallus
(body)
28
ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPH
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
 Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
 Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
 Products diffuse back into hyphae

Nucleus “directs” the digestive
process
Digested material is then used by
the hypha
MODIFICATIONS OF HYPHAE
 Fungi
may be classified based on
cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
 Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
 Septate (with septa)
NO
CROSS
WALLS
CROSS
WALLS
30
MODIFICATIONS OF HYPHAE
HAUSTORIA – parasitic
hyphae on plants &
animals
Septate Hyphae Coenocytic Hyphae
31
HYPHAL GROWTH
 Hyphae
grow from their tips
 Mycelium is an extensive, feeding
web of hyphae
 Mycelia are the ecologically active
bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid
Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
32
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
33
REPRODUCTION
 Most
fungi reproduce Asexually and
Sexually by spores
 ASEXUAL reproduction is most
common method & produces
genetically identical organisms
 Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when
conditions are poor & nutrients
scarce
34
SPORES
 Spores
are an adaptation to life on
land
 Ensure that the species will
disperse to new locations
 Each spore contains a reproductive
cell that forms a new organism
 Nonmotile
 Dispersed by wind
35
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
36
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION



Used when environmental
conditions are poor (lack
of nutrients, space,
moisture…)
No male or female fungi
Some fungi show
dimorphism
 May grow as MYCELIA
or a YEAST –LIKE
state (Filament at 25oC
& Round at 37oC)
Dimorphic Fungi
37
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types
(+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)
 Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that
becomes a ZYGOTE
 The zygote divides to make a SPORE

+
SPORE FORMS
38
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
39
THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation – part of the mycelium
becomes separated & begins a life of its
own
 Budding – a small cell forms & gets
pinched off as it grows to full size

 Used

by yeasts
Asexual spores – production of spores by
a single mycelium
40
REPRODUCE BY SPORES

Spores may be Formed:
 Directly
on hyphae
 Inside sporangia
 On Fruiting bodies
Penicillium
hyphae
Amanita fruiting body
Pilobolus sporangia
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Fruiting
Bodies are modified hyphae
that make asexual spores
 An upright stalk called the
Sporangiosphore supports the spore
case or Sporangium
42
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Types
of
Fruiting Bodies:
Basidia
Sporangia
Ascus
Sporangia
Basidia
43
Fruiting Bodies
Both are
composed
of hyphae
mycelium
44
HYPHAL GROWTH FROM SPORE
Germinating spore
mycelium
Mycelia have a huge surface area
 More surface area aids digestion &
absorption of food

45
Evolution of Fungi
46
CLADOGRAM

Which of the
following is most
closely related
to a mushroom
(fungus)?
 WHY?
Recent DNA-based
studies show
that fungi are
more similar to
animals than to
plants
47
Evolution of the Fungi
IT’S ALL ABOUT THE SPORES!
 Fungi
are classified by their
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES and
SPORES
 The
reproductive structures are:
BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTA
 SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIA
 ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTA

49
IT’S ALL ABOUT THE SPORES!
 Spores



are made of:
Dehydrated cytoplasm
Protective coat
Haploid cell
 Wind,
animals, water, & insects
spread spores
 Spores germinates when they land
on a moist surface (new hyphae
form)
50
asci
zygosporangia
motile spores
basidia
Classification
& Phylogeny
51
Major Groups of Fungi
52
MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
Within the past
few years, several
groups have been
re-classified into
the protists
 Two of these
groups are the
slime molds and
water molds

Classification by Nutrition

Saprobes
 Decomposers
 Molds,

mushrooms, etc.
Parasites
 Harm
host
 Rusts and smuts (attack plants)

Mutualists
 Both
benefit
 Lichens
 Mycorrhizas
54
MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
 Basidiomycota
– Club Fungi
 Zygomycota – Bread Molds
 Chytridiomycota – Chytrids
 AM Fungi - Mycorrhizas
 Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
 Lichens – Symbiosis (algae & Fungi)
ZYGOMYCOTA
56
ZYGOMYCOTA
Called the sporangium
fungi
 Commonly called molds
 Also includes blights
 Hyphae have no cross
walls (aseptate)
 Grow rapidly
 Includes bread mold

Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus on strawberries
Tomato Blight
•Spore production and dispersal is enormously efficient in fungi and plants of the same species crowded together in fields are ripe for at
ZYGOMYCOTA
Asexual reproductive structure called
sporangium atop sporangiospores make
spores
 Rhizoids anchor the mold & release
digestive enzymes & absorb food
 Stolons connect the fruiting bodies

ZYGOMYCOTA
Sexual spores are produced by
conjugation when (+) hyphae and (-)
hyphae fuse
 Sexual spores are called ZYGOSPORES
 Zygospores can endure harsh
environments until conditions improve

zygospore
BASIDIOMYCOTA
60
BASIDIOMYCOTA
Called Club fungi
 Includes:

 Mushrooms
 Toadstools
 Bracket
& Shelf fungi
 Puffballs
 Stinkhorns
 Rusts and smuts
USES FOR BASIDIOMYCOTA
Some are used as
food (mushrooms)
 Others damage
crops (rusts &

smuts)
Corn Smut
Portobello Mushrooms
Soybean
Rust
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB FUNGI
Seldom reproduce asexually
 The visible mushroom is a fruiting body
 Basidiocarp (fruiting body) is made of a
stalk called the stipe and a flattened
cap with gills called Basidia underneath
 Basidiospores are found on basidia
 Annulus is a skirt-like ring around some
stipes
 Vegetative structures found below
ground

63
Hyphal fusion mycelium and fruiting
of haploid
body are dikaryotic
mycelia
haploid
mycelium
MUSHROOM
LIFE CYCLE
N
Meiosis
2N
N+N
Nuclear
fusion in
basidium
young basidia - the
only diploid cells
Fig 31.12
64
ASCOMYCOTA
65
CHARACTERISTICS
Called Sac fungi
 Includes Cup fungi, morels, truffles,
yeasts, and mildew
 May be plant parasites (Dutch elm
disease and Chestnut blight)
 Reproduce sexually & asexually
 Ascus - sac that makes ascospores in
sexual reproduction
 Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps
contain the asci

CHARACTERISTICS
 Yeasts
reproduce
asexually by budding
(buds break off to
make more yeast
cells)
 Asexual spores called
conidia form on the
tips of special hyphae
called conidiophores
CONIDIA
CONIDIA FORMATION
68
YEASTS BUDDING
Saccharomyces
USES OF ASCOMYCETES
Truffles and morels are
good examples of edible
ascomycetes
 Penicillium mold makes
the antibiotic penicillin.
 Some ascomycetes also
gives flavor to certain
cheeses.


Saccharomyces
cerevesiae (yeast) is used
to make bread rise and
to ferment beer & wine.
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
71
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
 Called
chytrids
 Produce motile
spores
 Mostly saprobes
and parasites in
aquatic habitats
 Biodegrade and
recycle nutrients
Chytrid that attacks Potatoes
MYCORRHIZA
73
MYCORRHIZAS
Fungus associated with plant roots
 Mutualism between:

 Fungus
(nutrient & water uptake for plant)
 Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)

Several kinds:
 Zygomycota
– hyphae invade root cells
 Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae
invade root but don’t penetrate cells

Extremely important ecologically
74
LICHENS
75
LICHENS

Mutualism between:
 Fungus
(structure)
 Algae or cyanobacteria
(provides food)

Form a thallus (body)
 Foliose
 Fruticose
 Crustose
LICHEN STRUCTURE
77
LICHENS AS BIOMONITORS
 Thalli
act like sponges
 Some species more sensitive than
others to pollutants
 Which species are present can
indicate air quality
 Most resistant species can also be
analyzed for pollutants
78
79