Transcript Ecosystems and Communities

Ecosystems and Communities
Ch. 4
Weather and Climate
• Weather is the day• Ecosystems can
to-day condition of the
change with climate
Earth’s atmosphere at
changes. Hot, cold,
a particular time and
rainy, sunny. (1.40b)
place.
• Climate is the typical • Can you think of any
weather pattern over
examples where
time in an area. (avg.
ecosystems have
year around
changed with the
temperature)
environment?
Greenhouse Effect- trapping of
heat in the atmosphere
• CO2, methane water
vapor and a few other
atmospheric
greenhouse gases trap
heat energy and
maintain Earth’s
temperature range.
• Greenhouse effect is
the natural situation in
which heat is retained
by the layer of
greenhouse gases.
Ozone Layer
• Band of ozone (O3) that
shields the earth from
much of the sun’s harmful
UV radiation.
• Thining increases the
exposure to UV radiation,
increasing cataracts and
skin cancer and reduce
crop supply. It may
decrease resistance to
disease.
• Causes of thining:
– CFC’s (chloroflorocarbons
are ordorless, noncorrosive
compounds that were once
used as proprellants in
aerosol cans and in
production of plastic foam,
coolants in air conditions,
refrigerators and freezers.
Global Warming
• Global warming is is the
increase in the Earth’s
average temperature.
• Much of the sunlight that
hits the surface of our
planet is converted into
heat energy and then
radiated back into the
atmosphere.
• Greenhouse gases do not
allow heat E to pass out of
the atmosphere as readily as
light energy enters it.
• The gases trap the heat.
• If these gases were not
present in the atmosphere,
the Earth would be 30oC
cooler.
• Where are some of the
gases coming from that
are causing this effect?
• In 2050, Earth’s temp may
increase by 2 to 4oC.
Latitude and Longitude
• Longitude – vertical
• Latitude- horizontal
• Polar, Temperate and
Tropical.
• As a result of
differences in
latitudes and thus the
angle of heating,
Earth has 3 main
climate zones.
• Where do you think
each are located?
Climate Zones
• Tropical Zoneequator to 30o N and
30oS latitudes.
• Temperate Zone- 30o
to 60o N and S
latitudes.
• Arctic (Polar)Zonebeyond 60o N or S
latitudes.
Heat Transport in the Biosphere by
Winds
• The unequal heating of the Earth’s surface
drives winds and ocean currents, which
transport heat throughout the biosphere.
• Winds form because warm air rises and
cool air sinks. What zones does air rise?
Sink?
• Prevailing winds bring warm or cold air to
a region, affecting it’s climate.
Ocean currents
• Cold water sinks, warm water rises.
• Cold water near the poles sinks and then
flows parallel to the ocean bottom,
eventually rising again in warmer regions
in a process called upwelling.
• Surface water is moved by winds.
Why do you think the westerlies move east and easterlies move
Parts of the environment
• Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the
environment.
• A-without, bio-life
• Ex: water, soil, light ,
temperature, wind,
and physical space.
• Biotic factors- living
parts of the
environment.
• Ex: plants, animals
and other organisms.
1.43 Understand that and describe how organisms are influenced by
a particular combination of living and non-living components in the
environment.
Habitats
• Every species in a
habitat has
characteristics that
enable it to function in
the unique abiotic and
biotic factors.
• It provides the
members of a species
with food, shelter,
water, and whatever
else they need to
survive.
Niches
• A niche is the full
range of physical and
biological conditions in
which an organisms
lives and the way in
which the organisms
uses those conditions.
•
•
•
•
• An organism’s role in
the environment.
Can two species share a
niche in the same habitat?
Note: different tree
elevations may be different
habitats.
What organism eats
how it eats, where lives
how reproduces
temperatures needed to
survive
• where in food chain,
Community Interactions
• Competition occurs
when organisms of
the same or different
species attempt to
use an ecological
resource in the same
place at same time.
• Resource is any
necessity of life, such
as water, nutrients,
light, food or space.
• Competition
exclusion principle
states that no two
species can occupy
the same niche in the
same habitat at the
same time.
Interdependence
•Organisms rely on their changing environment to survive.
How? Even a small change to one type of organism can have a
major impact on all of the other organisms in an environment.
Predator-prey relationships.
•Symbiosis- different species rely on each other. 3 kinds.
–Mutualism- both partners benefit.
–Commensalism- one partner benefits and the other is
unaffected.
–Parasitism- One benefits the other is harmed. Which
benefits?
Give examples of each.
Changes in an Ecosystem
• Ecosystems can be reasonable stable over
hundreds of years. If a disaster such as a
flood or fire occurs, the damaged ecosystem
is likely to recover in stages that eventually
result in a system similar to the original one.
1.39
Changing with the Environment
• Ecosystems can be
• Ecosystems are always
changing, sometimes quickly relatively stable over
hundreds or
and dramatically with a fire
thousands of years.
or flood or sometime slowly.
• Damaged ecosystems from • Changing conditions
affect the
a flood or fire are likely to
communities of
recover in stages that
organisms that live
eventually results in a
in the ecosystem
system similar to the original
one.
1.39
Succession: Changes over Time
• Orderly, natural
changes that take
place in
communities of an
ecosystem is a
succession.
• What is a pioneer
species?
• Primary succession is
the colonization of new
sites by communities of
organisms after a
change in the
ecosystem. (Volcanoes)
• 1000’s of years
• After time, primary
succession slows down,
and the community
becomes fairly stable.
Secondary Succession
• A stable, mature
community that
undergoes little or no
succession, is a
climax community.
• Describe a place
around you where
you have seen
succession occurring.
1.39
• Secondary
succession is the
sequence of
community changes
when a community is
disrupted by natural
disasters or human
actions.
• Fewer than 100 years
Succession in a Marine Ecosystem
• Note:
Succession
can happen
in any
ecosystem.
• The
following the
succession
of a whalefall
community.
• Large whale dies and sinks to
ocean floor and attracts
scavengers and decomposers.
• Tissues are eaten by smaller
org. Decomposition enriches
sediments, for other species.
• Heterotrophic bacteria
decompose oil in bones and
serve as energy sources for
chemosynthetic autotrophs that
support other org.
• Pg. 96
• A biome is a large group
of ecosystems that share
the same type of climate
community.
• Land- Terrestrial
• Water- Aquatic
• Microclimate- climate in a
small area that differs
from the climate around
it.
• Fog
(Make graphic organizer for
biomes including: climate, flora,
fauna, location, other
characteristics.
Biomes
Biome link
Climatogram
• Shows two components of climate
• Temperature and precipitation
San Luis Opispo,
California
Biomes are determined by climates
(temperature and precipitation).
Tundra
• Tundra: cold and treeless, and most of the soil
is permanently frozen. A thin layer of soil thaws
briefly during short, cool, summers. Winters
are long, dark and very cold.
• plant life in the tundra consists of mosses and
lichens
• Where do you think tundras are located?
• Artic Zone
• Northern N. America, Asia, Europe
Taiga (Boreal Forest)
• Taiga: located south of the tundra, at the
northern edge of the temperate zone.
Winters are long, cold, and summers are
relatively mild.
• How are they different from tundras?
• The taiga climate and soil can support
trees such as conifers;.
• N America, Asia, and N. Europe
Temperate Forest
• Grows where summers are pleasantly warm
with frequent rains, and winters are somewhat
cold.
• What type of trees make up a temperate forest?
• Tall deciduous trees and coniferous trees.
– Conifers- seed-bearing cones and needles.
– Deciduous-sheds leaves during particular season.
Eastern US, SE Canada, most of Europe, parts of
Japan, China and Australia
Chapparral (Temperate Woodland
and Shrubland)
• Warm region that has a rainy winter
season, followed by a long, dry summer.
• How do chapperal organisms adapt to
these extremes in precipitation?
• Plants are drought-resistant; reptiles and
insects have thick, watertight coverings.
• W coasts of N and S America,
Mediterranean Sea, S. Africa, Australia
Tropical Rain Forest
• Warm, wet weather, lush plant life, and diverse
animal life. Poor soil
• What abiotic factors contribute to this diversity?
• Sunlight, water, soil and temperature.
• Parts of S. and Central America, SE Asia, parts
of Africa, S India, NE Australia
• Tropical Dry Forests – rainfall is seasonal rather
than year round. Rich Soil
• Parts of Africa, S. and Central America, Mexico,
India, Australia and Tropical Islands
Desert
• Too little precipitation creates deserts, arid
regions with sparse plant life.
• Extremely dry, hot deserts may consist only of
shifting sand dunes. Deserts: Africa, Asia,
Middle East, US, Mexico, S. America, Australia
• Extremely cold deserts include those is in
Mongolia and China.
• How do plants conserve water?
• Store water in thick, succulent stems.
Grassland
• Widespread communities characterized by
grasses and small plants.
• Temperate grasslands( summers hot and
winters are cold and windy)
– Central Asia, N. America, Australia, central Europe,
upland plateaus of S. America
• Tropical savannas (warm year-round and have
alternating wet and dry seasons.)
– Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil,
northern Australia
Other Land Areas
• Mountain ranges- abiotic
and biotic conditions vary
with elevation.
• Move up temperature
decreases and
precipitation increases.
• Polar ice caps- cold year
round.
• Mosses and lichens grow.
• Few plants
• Northern- Polar bears,
seals, insects and mites.
• Southern polar region5km of ice. Penguins and
marine animals.
Marine Biomes
• Most of the water on
earth is salty.
• Fresh water is
confined to rivers,
streams, ponds, and
most lakes.
• Photic Zone is the
portion of the marine
biome that is shallow
enough for sunlight to
penetrate.
• Aphotic Zone- Deeper
water that never
receives sunlight.
Water Biomes
Freshwater Biomes
1. Flowing water: streams, rivers, etc.
2. Standing waters: ponds, lakes.
plankton- tiny-free floating or weakly
swimming
organisms that live in
freshwater and saltwater.
phytoplankton- single-celled algae
zooplankton- feed of phytoplankton
Freshwater
3.
Wetlands: ecosystem where water either covers the soil or is present at or
near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.
Bogs-freshwater wetlands
Marshes- shallow wetlands along rivers
Swamp- flooded forest
4. Estuary: wetlands where fresh water and saltwater mix. They form where
rivers meet the sea and deposit nutrient-rich sediment.
detritus- tiny pieces of organic material that are food.
Salt marshes- temperature zone estuaries dominated by low-tide line and
seagrasses underwater.
Coastal Wetlands (mangrove swamps): along seacoast that are
sometimes mixed with saltwater. Florida
Marine Zones
Phytoplankton and algae
Coastal OCEAN
Kelp forests
Bottom-dwellers, sea
stars, shrimp, crabs,
clams, worms,
urchins, sponges and
sea anemones.
Benthic Zone
Squids and
fishes make
their own
light.
Marine Ecosystems
• Intertidal Zone- org. exposed to regular
and extreme changes. Tides moves. Star
fish and clams must attach themsevles.
• Coastal Ocean- extends from low-tide
mark to the outer edge of the continental
shelf.
– Kelp forests
– Coral Reefs- calcium carbonate
Marine Ecosystems
• Open ocean- 500 m to 11,000 m. Low
levels of nutrients. Octopods, dolphins,
whales, fish.
• Benthic Zone- ocean floor. Cold, dark,
pressure at bottom
Ecosystems and Communities
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