Transcript Unit 9: ＜Practicing basic types of embedding II＞

Unit 10:
＜Practicing basic
types of embedding II＞
Kevin Chen
I. Adverbial clauses
(when, if , because, etc)
• Adverbial clauses are the subordinate
clauses that functions as an adverb
within a main clause, modifying the
main or independent clauses.
Adverbial clauses are usually
introduced by adverbial conjunctions
such as when, because, if.
Types of adverb clause
Type
Clause introduced
by…
Examples
When, whenever, After the crop is harvested,
it is sold at the market.
Time before, after, until,
while, since, as
Wherever there are
computers, there is
Place Where, wherever
component made in
Taiwan.
Because, since, in I didn’t tell her because I
wanted to keep the secret.
Cause order that
Types of adverb clause
Type
Purpose
Concession
Condition
Clause
introduced
by…
So that
Although,
though, even
though
If, , unless,
whether
Examples
She took a English
course so that she
could get a better job.
Although Jane has a
Master’s degree, she
works as a store clerk.
If you save your money,
you will be able to go
to college.
II. Appositions
• An appositive is another word for
something named elsewhere in the
sentence. It is another name for
some noun. Some appositives need
commas to show its position and the
nouns they refer—called interrupting
modifiers, while some need dashes
or colons, which summarize the
appositives, and the subject-verb
combination for the main clause.
Appositions: Examples
• Commas—after the comma, to modify or
having the same meaning with its
antecedent
• Leica has faced up to the digital world with
its M8, a camera blessed with the spirit of
Oskar Barnack.
• The series celebrates its first decade as
popular as ever and without having disclosed
any higher meaning to Bikini Bottom, the
name of the underwater city where it takes
place.
Appositions: Examples
• Commas—interrupting modifiers
between S and V
• Donuts and chocolate bars, popular
breakfast foods, contain little nutrition.
• Typewriters, once common in schools
and offices, are rarely seen or used
now.
• A small drop of ink, falling (as Byron
said) like dew upon a thought, can
make millions think.
Appositions: Examples
• Dash—an internal series of appositive
• Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, Chinese—these
ethnic groups make up much of Hawaii’s diverse
population.【appositive before a dash】
• What do you think caused the American
Revolution—the tea tax, or the growing sense of
being a new and independent nation?
【appositive after a dash】
• Pandas eat only one food—bamboo shoots.
【appositive after a dash】
• The much –despised predators—mountain lions
and timber wolves—have been shot, trapped,
and poisoned. 【appositive in middle】
Appositions: Examples
• Colon—emphatic appositive at end
• Examples:
• Her room contained a collection of
trash: old clothes, soda cans,
McDonald’s wrappers.
• Airport thieves have a common target:
unwary travelers.
III. Participial phrases
(-ing, -ed)
• Past participles are sometimes used
as adjectives, either before or after
the nouns they describe. A
participial phrase often modifies its
antecedents—a noun—to avoid two
verbs.
• There are four people living in my house.
• The church built by I. M. Pei has become a
popular tourist spot.
• I sent a registered letter.
• I sent a letter registered on September 12th.
• A frozen daiquiri is tasty.
• A daiquiri frozen properly is tasty.
※A participial phrase at the beginning of a
sentence must refer to the grammatical
subject.
Participial phrases
(-ing, -ed): Examples
• Walking down the street, she saw a man
accompanied by two gunmen.
• She saw a man, accompanied by two gunmen,
walking down the street.
• Young and inexperienced, the task seemed
easy to me.【X】
• Young and inexperienced, I thought the task
easy. 【O】
• Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation
proved irresistible. 【X】
• Without a friend to counsel him, he found the
temptation irresistible. 【O】