Transcript Universal Human Rights A dialogue

European Law and Life Culture
How Universal are Human Rights?
A dialogue
Essay on the universality of the Value of Human right
Lecturer: Dr. Lukas Lien, EULRC of NTU
2013 October 22
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC
1 BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Part 1
Human Right and human dignity
Overview
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禮運大同篇是中國最高的政治哲學境界
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大道之行也，天下為公，選賢與能，講信修睦，故人不獨親其親，不
獨子其子，使老有所終，壯有所用，幼有所長，鰥寡孤獨廢疾者皆有
所養；男有分，女有歸，貨惡其棄於地也不必藏於己，力惡其不出於
身也不必為己，是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。
今大道既隱，天下為家，各親其親，各子其子，貨力為己，大人世及
以為禮。城郭溝池以為固，禮義以為紀。以正君臣，以篤父子，以睦
兄弟，以和夫婦，以設制度，以立田里，以賢勇知，以功為己。故謀
用是作，而兵由此起。禹湯文武成王周公，由此其選也。此六君子者，
未有不謹於禮者也。以著其義，以考其信，著有過，刑仁講讓，示民
有常。如有不由此者，在勢者去，眾以為殃，是謂『小康』 。
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聖人的大道能夠實行的時代，天下是為天下人所共有的。大家選舉賢
能的人來共同治理，人人講求誠信，彼此和睦相處。不獨愛護自己的
親人，不獨慈愛自己的兒女，更能推廣愛心到其他人身上，使得社會
上年長的老人皆能安享天年，青壯者都能貢獻一己之力，青少年與兒
童也都能接受良好的教育，那些孤苦無依及殘廢者，也都能受到適當
的照顧。男人能恪儘自己本分應盡的職責，女生也各有自己的家室。
各種物質資源，不喜歡被浪費、棄置，希望能發揮應有的功效；但也
不能私藏據為己用。有能力不應該捨不得服務奉獻，但也不能只是圖
利自己。能夠做到這樣，整個社會就不會發生勾心鬥角，損人利己的
事，也不會再有搶劫、偷竊、殺人的事出現，縱然窗不關、門不閉，
也不用擔驚害怕，生活自在安樂，那樣的社會真可以說是大同世界了。
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• In a country well governed, poverty
is something to be ashamed of.
• In a country badly governed, wealth
is something to be ashamed of.
- Confucius
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大學之道 在明明德 在親民 在止於至善
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三綱領指的是：
明明德
親民
止於至善
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《大學》是儒家經典《四書》之一，
《大學》原是《禮記》第四十二篇，
內文的撰成約在戰國末期至西漢之
間
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八條目指的是：
格物
致知
誠意
正心
修身
齊家
治國
平天下
大學之道，在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。
知止而後有定；定而後能靜；靜而後能安；安而後能慮；慮而後能得。
物有本末，事有終始。知所先後，則近道矣。
古之欲明明德於天下者，先治其國；欲治其國者，先齊其家； 欲齊其家
者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者， 先誠其意；欲誠
其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。
物格而後知至；知至而後意誠；意誠而後心正；心正而後身修；身修而後
家齊；家齊而後國治；國治而後天下平。
自天子以至於庶人，壹是皆以修身為本。
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王守仁（1472年10月31日－1529年1月9日）
• 陽明學：心學和知行合一
• 王守仁強調「心即是理」之思想，反對程頤朱熹通過
事事物物追求「至理」的「格物致知」方法，因為事
理無窮無盡，格之則未免煩累，故提倡從自己內心中
去尋找「理」，認為「理」全在人「心」，「理」化
生宇宙天地萬物，人秉其秀氣，故人心自秉其精要。
• 在知與行的關係上，強調要知，更要行，知中有行，
行中有知，所謂「知行合一」，二者互為表裡，不可
分離。知必然要表現為行，不行則不能算真知。
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大學問
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《大學問》是王陽明的主要哲學論著，反映了他的世界觀。「大學者，昔儒以
為大人之學矣。敢問大人之學何以在於明明德乎？」陽明子曰：「大人者，以
天地萬物為一體者也。其視天下猶一家，中國猶一人焉。若夫間形骸而分爾我
者，小人矣。大人之能以天地萬物為一體也，非意之也，其心之仁本若是，其
與天地萬物而為一也。豈惟大人，雖小人之心亦莫不然，彼顧自小之耳。是故
見孺子之入井而必有怵惕惻隱之心焉，是其仁之與孺子而為一體也，孺子猶同
類者也；見鳥獸之哀鳴觳觫而必有不忍之心焉，是其仁之與鳥獸而為一體也，
鳥獸猶有知覺者也；見草木之摧折而必有憫恤之心焉，是其仁之與草木而為一
體也，草木猶有生意者也；見瓦石之毀壞而必有顧惜之心焉，是其仁之與瓦石
而為一體也。是其一體之仁也，雖小人之心亦必有之，是乃根於天命之性，而
自然靈昭不昧者也，是故謂之「明德」。小人之心既已分隔隘陋矣，而其一體
之仁猶能不昧若此者，是其未動於欲，而未蔽於私之時也。及其動於欲，蔽於
私，而利害相攻，忿怒相激，則將戕物圮類，無所不為其甚，至有骨肉相殘者，
而一體之仁亡矣。是故苟無私慾之蔽，則雖小人之心，而其一體之仁猶大人也；
一有私慾之蔽，則雖大人之心，而其分隔隘陋猶小人矣。故夫為大人之學者，
亦惟去其私慾之蔽，以明其明德，復其天地萬物一體之本然而已耳。非能於本
體之外，而有所增益之也。」
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夫萬事萬物之理不外於吾心
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「破山中賊易，破心中賊難。」
「夫萬事萬物之理不外於吾心。」
「心即理也。」「心外無理，心外無物，心外無事。」
「人心之得其正者即道心；道心之失其正者即人心。」
「無善無惡心之體，有善有惡意之動，知善知惡是良知，為善去惡是
格物。」（四句教）
「你未看此花時，此花與汝心同歸於寂。你來看此花時，則此花顏色
一時明白起來。便知此花不在你的心外。」
「有志於聖人之學者，外孔、孟之訓而他求，是捨日月之明，而希光
於螢爝之微也，不亦謬乎？」
「聖人與天地民物同體，儒、佛、老、莊皆我之用，是之謂大道。二
氏自私其身，是之謂小道。」
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「殃莫大於叨天之功，罪莫大於掩人之善，惡莫深於襲下之能，辱莫
重於忘己之恥，四者備而禍全。」
「夫學貴得之於心。求之於心而非也，雖其言之出於孔子，不敢以為
是也，而況其未及孔子者乎？求之於心而是也，雖其言出於庸常，不
敢以為非也，而況其出於孔子者乎？」
「所以為聖者，在純乎天理，而不在才力也。故雖凡人，而肯為學，
使此心純乎天理，則亦可為聖人。」
「是非之心，不慮而知，不學而能，所謂良知也。良知之在人心，無
間於聖愚，天下古今之所同也。」
「夫學術者，古今聖賢之學術，天下之所公共，非吾三人者所私有也。
天下之學術，當為天下公之。」
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Kant: Sapere Aude
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"Aufklärung ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbstverschuldeten
Unmündigkeit. Unmündigkeit ist das Unvermögen, sich seines Verstandes
ohne Leitung eines anderen zu bedienen. Selbstverschuldet ist diese
Unmündigkeit, wenn die Ursache derselben nicht am Mangel des
Verstandes, sondern der Entschließung und des Mutes liegt, sich seiner ohne
Leitung eines anderen zu bedienen. Sapere aude! Habe Mut, dich deines
eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen! ist also der Wahlspruch der Aufklärung.„
Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity
is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of
another. Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of
intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one's
intelligence without being guided by another.
Sapere Aude! Have the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore
the motto of the enlightenment.
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我頭上的星空
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Zwei Dinge erfüllen das Gemüt mit immer neuer und zunehmender
Bewunderung und Ehrfurcht, je öfter und anhaltender sich das Nachdenken
damit beschäftigt: Der bestirnte Himmel über mir, und das moralische
Gesetz in mir.
美是道德的象徵。
世界上祇有兩樣東西是值得我們深深景仰的，一個是我們頭上的燦爛
星空，另一個是我們內心的崇高道德法則。
有兩件事物越思考就越覺得震撼與敬畏，那便是我頭上的星空和我心
中的道德準則。
文言譯：常有二理，在手心焉；敬而畏之，與日更新；上則為星辰，
下則為德性。
出處：《實踐理性批判》（Kritik der praktischen Vernunft）
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“I perceive God in the starry heavens above or
the moral law within.”
“Two things fill the mind with ever new
increasing admiration and awe…the starry
heavens above me and the moral law within me.”
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON 1791.
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Human freedom
Human freedom is realised in the adoption of
humanity as an end in itself, for the one thing
that no-one can be compelledto do by another
is to adopt a particular end.
- Immanuel Kant
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ius cosmopoliticum
Principle of universal hospitality
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In his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace,
Immanuel Kant stages a ius
cosmopoliticum (cosmopolitan
law/right) as a guiding principle to
protect people from war, and morally
grounds this cosmopolitan right by the
principle of universal hospitality. Kant
there claimed that the expansion of
hospitality with regard to "use of the
right to the earth's surface which
belongs to the human race in common"
(see common heritage of humanity)
would "finally bring the human race
ever closer to a cosmopolitan
constitution".
Goal of Mankind: universal civic society
• The greatest problem for the human race, to the
solution of which Nature drives man, is the
achievement of a universal civic society which
administers law among men.
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Freedom
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Die Freiheit ist eigentlich ein
Vermögen, alle willkürlichen
Handlungen den
Bewegungsgründen der Vernunft
unterzuordnen.
Zur Aufklärung wird nichts
erfordert als Freiheit, und zwar die
unschädlichste unter allem, was
nur Freiheit heißen mag, nämlich
die: Von seiner Vernunft in allen
Stücken öffentlich Gebrauch zu
machen.
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Freedom is actually a fortune to
subordinate all arbitrary actions the
movement for the sake of sanity.
To elucidate nothing is required
but freedom, namely the least
harmful of all that may be called
freedom, namely: to make public
reason in all of its use.
Duty
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The Primacy of Duty
Duty! Thou sublime and mighty name that dost embrace nothing charming
or insinuating but requirest submission and yet seekest not to move the will
by threatening aught that would arouse natural aversion or terror, but only
holdest forth a law which of itself finds entrance into the mind and yet gains
reluctant reverence (though not always obedience) � a law before which all
inclinations are dumb even though they secretly work against it: what origin
is there worthy of thee, and where is to be found the root of thy noble
descent which proudly rejects all kinship with the inclinations and from
which to be descended is the indispensable condition of the only worth
which men can give themselves?
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Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Lewis White Beck,
trans. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956), p. 89
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Power of Free Will
• Attributive Power of Free Will
• . . . [T]hrough reason we are conscious of a law to
which all our maxims are subject as though through
our will a natural order must arise. Therefore, this law
must be the idea of a supersensuous nature, a nature
not empirically given yet possible through freedom; to
this nature we give objective reality, at least in a
practical context, because we regard it as the object of
our will as pure rational beings.
• � ibid., p. 45
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Immortality of the Soul
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Postulated Immortality of the Soul
The achievement of the highest good in the world is the necessary object of a will
determinable by the moral law. In such a will, however, the complete fitness of
intentions to the moral law is the supreme condition of the highest good.... But
complete fitness of the will to the moral law is holiness, which is a perfection of
which no rational being in the world of sense is at any time capable. But since it is
required as practically necessary, it can be found only in an endless progress to that
complete fitness; on principles of pure practical reason, it is necessary to assume
such a practical progress as the real object of the will.The achievement of the highest
good in the world is the necessary object of a will determinable by the moral law. In
such a will, however, the complete fitness of intentions to the moral law is the
supreme condition of the highest good.... But complete fitness of the will to the
moral law is holiness, which is a perfection of which no rational being in the world
of sense is at any time capable. But since it is required as practically necessary, it
can be found only in an endless progress to that complete fitness; on principles of
pure practical reason, it is necessary to assume such a practical progress as the real
object of the will.
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morally necessary to assume the
existence of God
Postulated Existence of God
Happiness is the condition of a rational being in the world, in whose whole
existence everything goes according to wish and will. It thus rests on the
harmony of nature with his entire end and with the essential determining
ground of his will.... Therefore ... the existence is postulated of a cause of
the whole of nature, itself distinct from nature, which contains the ground of
the exact coincidence of happiness with morality.... Therefore, the highest
good is possible in the world only on the supposition of a supreme cause of
nature which has a causality corresponding to the moral intention.... Now it
was our duty to promote the highest good; and it is not merely our privilege
but a necessity connected with duty as a requisite to presuppose the
possibility of this highest good. This presupposition is made only under the
condition of the existence of God, and this condition inseparably connects
this supposition with duty. Therefore, it is morally necessary to assume the
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existence of God.
Hegel: Germanischer Geist ist der Geist der Freiheit
Germanic spirit is the spirit of freedom
• γνώσεσθε τὴν ἀλήθειαν,
καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια
ἐλευθερώσει ὑμᾶς.
• et cognoscetis veritatem et
veritas liberabit vos
• you will know the truth, and
the truth will set you free
• 你們必定認識真理，真理
必定使你們自由
• John:8,32
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What is reasonable is real
that which is real is reasonable
Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820)
Was vernünftig ist, das ist Wirklich; und was wirklich ist, das ist vernünftig.
What is reasonable is real; that which is real is reasonable.
Variant translation: What is rational is actual and what is actual is rational.
On this conviction the plain man like the philosopher takes his stand, and
from it philosophy starts in its study of the universe of spirit as well as the
universe of nature. If reflection, feeling, or whatever form subjective
consciousness may take, looks upon the present as something vacuous and
looks beyond it with the eyes of superior wisdom, it finds itself in a vacuum,
and because it is actual only in the present, it is itself mere vacuity. If on the
other hand the Idea passes for 'only an Idea', for something represented in an
opinion, philosophy rejects such a view and shows that nothing is actual
except the Idea.
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Realization of Freedom
• The essence of the modern state is the union of
the universal with the full freedom of the
particular, and with the welfare of individuals.
• Das Wesen des modernen Staates ist die
Vereinigung des Universalem mit der vollen
Freiheit des Besonderen und damit die
Realisierung des Wohl26des Einzelnen.
Thinking is univeralization
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„Jede Vorstellung ist eine Verallgemeinerung, und diese gehört dem
Denken an. Etwas allgemein machen, heißt, es denken.“ ("Grundlinien der
Philosophie des Rechts oder Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im
Grundrisse", Berlin, 1833, p. 35)
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"Any idea is a generalization, and generalization is a property of thinking.
To generalize something means to think it."
"Every representation is a generalization, and this is inherent in thought. To
generalize something means to think it."
"Any idea is a universalization, and universalizing is a property of thinking.
To universalize something means to think."
"An idea is always a generalization, and generalization is a property of
thinking. To generalize means to think."
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The essence of Spirit is Freedom
• As the essence of Matter is Gravity, so, on the other
hand, we may affirm that the substance, the essence of
Spirit is Freedom. All will readily assent to the
doctrine that Spirit, among other properties, is also
endowed with Freedom; but philosophy teaches that
all the qualities of Spirit exist only through Freedom;
that all are but means for attaining Freedom; that all
seek and produce this and this alone.
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History: Realization of Freedom
• The History of the world is none other than the progress of
the consciousness of Freedom; a progress whose
development according to the necessity of its nature, it is
our business to investigate.
• The destiny of the spiritual World, and, — since this is the
substantial World, while the physical remains subordinate to it,
or, in the language of speculation, has no truth as against the
spiritual, — the final cause of the World at large, we allege to
be the consciousness of its own freedom on the part of Spirit,
and ipso facto, the reality of that freedom.
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Although Freedom is, primarily, an undeveloped idea, the means it uses are
external and phenomenal; presenting themselves in History to our sensuous
vision. The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men
proceed from their needs, their passions, their characters and talents; and
impresses us with the belief that such needs, passions and interests are the
sole springs of action — the efficient agents in this scene of activity. Among
these may, perhaps, be found aims of a liberal or universal kind —
benevolence it may be, or noble patriotism; but such virtues and general
views are but insignificant as compared with the World and its doings. We
may perhaps see the Ideal of Reason actualized in those who adopt such
aims, and within the sphere of their influence; but they bear only a trifling
proportion to the mass of the human race; and the extent of that influence is
limited accordingly. Passions, private aims, and the satisfaction of selfish
desires, are on the other hand, most effective springs of action.
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Truth is the unity of the universal and
subjective will
• Truth is the unity of the universal and subjective will;
and the Universal is to be found in the State, in its
laws, its universal and rational arrangements. The
State is the Divine Idea as it exists on earth. We have
in it, therefore, the object of history in a more definite
shape than before; that in which Freedom obtains
objectivity. For Law is the objectivity of the Spirit.
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Genuine tragedies in the world
are not conflicts between right
and wrong. They are conflicts
between two rights.
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
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Human Right of modern history
UN and EU
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UN Human Right
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Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.They are endowed
with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of
brotherhood.
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Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political
or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional
or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether
it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of
sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
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Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
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Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
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Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination
in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
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世界人权宣言
第一条
人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。
第二条
人人有资格享有本宣言所载的一切权利和自由，不分种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他
见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身分等任何区别。 并且不得因一人所属的国家或领土的
政治的、行政的或者国际的地位之不同而有所区别，无论该领土是独立领土、托管领土、非自治领
土或者处于其他任何主权受限制的情况之下。
第三条
人人有权享有生命、自由和人身安全。.
第四条
任何人不得使为奴隶或奴役；一切形式的奴隶制度和奴隶买卖，均应予以禁止。
第五条
任何人不得加以酷刑，或施以残忍的、不人道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罚。
第六条
人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格。
第七条
法律之前人人平等，并有权享受法律的平等保护，不受任何歧视。人人有权享受平等保护，以免受
违反本宣言的任何歧视行为以及煽动这种歧视的任何行为之害。
36
37
CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
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CHAPTER I
DIGNITY
Article 1
Human dignity
Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected.
Article 2
Right to life
1. Everyone has the right to life.
2. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty, or executed.
Article 3
Right to the integrity of the person
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity.
2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be respected in particular:
the free and informed consent of the person concerned, according to the procedures laid down by
law, the prohibition of eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at the selection of persons,
the prohibition on making the human body and its parts as such a source of financial gain,
the prohibition of the reproductive cloning of human beings.
38
Malala wins top EU human rights award
•
“On the ninth of October 2012, the
Taliban shot me on the left side of my
forehead. They shot my friends too. They
thought that the bullet would silence us.
But they failed. And out of that silence
came thousands of voices. The terrorists
thought they would change my aims and
stop my ambitions. But nothing changed
in my life, except this. Weakness, fear
and hopelessness died. Strength, power
and courage was born. I’m not against
anyone, neither am I here to speak in
terms of personal revenge against the
Taliban or any other terrorist group. I’m
here to speak up for the right
of education of every child.”
39
DEMOCRACY
OF THE PEOPLE BY THE PEOPLE FOR THE PEOPLE
• Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their
choice are prepared to choose wisely.The real safeguard of
democracy, therefore, is education.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
40
• A democracy is nothing more than mob rule,
where fifty-one percent of the people may take
away the rights of the other forty-nine.
- Thomas Jefferson
41
42
43
Non-Discrimination
Everybody should be treated equally,
regardless of factors such as sex, race,
religion, ethnicity or culture.
44
歐洲聯盟基本權利憲章
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DIGNITY (尊嚴)
Article 1 (第一條)
人性尊嚴
人性尊嚴不可侵犯，其必須受尊重與保護。
Article 2 (第二條)
Right to life
生命權
人人均享有生命權。
不論何人均不受死刑判決或受死刑執行。
Article 3 (第三條)
人身自主權
人人均享有尊重其心理與生理自主之權利。
於醫藥與生物領域，下列事項應特別受到遵守：
依法律規定程序之相關人員之自由且經告知之同意；
禁止基因改造醫療行為，特別是針對人種選擇而行之者；
禁止為營利而為人體與器官複製；
禁止複製人之行為。
45
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Article 4 (第四條)
酷刑與不人道或羞辱之待遇或懲罰之禁止
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CHAPTER II (第二章)
(自由權)
不論何人均不得被施以酷刑或不人道或羞辱之待遇或懲罰
Article 5 (第五條)
奴隸與強制勞動之禁止
不論何人均不得被要求施以強制或非自願性勞動。
禁止進行人口販賣。
Article 6 (第六條)
自由與安全之權利
人人均有權享有人身自由與安全。
46
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Article 4
Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Article 5
Prohibition of slavery and forced labor
1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labor.
3. Trafficking in human beings is prohibited
CHAPTER II
FREEDOMS
Article 6
Right to liberty and security
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.
47
Part2
How Universal are Human Rights?
A dialogue
48
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1. Introduction
The Human right in the historical development show us, that more 50% of
mankind are untouched and isolated from such a main issue of human
history, in many countries, human right of freedom and human equality,
human right of thought and expression, human right of estates, human right
of education, human right of social security are only exist in constitution
and never realized in rule of Law.
Ironic realty is to see, that the UN call the universal Human right declaration
as universal and valid to all men without any discrimination, but the ROC
government has already legalize the social and political human right in our
law. ROC report to UN, the UN answer and reject our registration because
ROC is not Member of UN.
How universal is UN human right?
The security Council Member China and USA are member, and we look on
how they violate the human right in own land and in another countries.
Again, how universal is UN universal human right declaration?
49
Human right violations of UN members after world war II are biggest ironies to
universal human rights declarations
• Since holocaust (1932–1945), the UN tries to stop all possible
Human right violation through the declaration of universal
Human right, but if we check the Human right report, we find
the EU countries and USA, the called Human right countries
and founder of UN with signatures on universal human right
declaration committed the cruel and inhuman treatment to the
colonized countries, or to countries with huge natural resources
and thou became preys or superpowers:
• 1954–62: Both France and the FLN use torture in the Algerian
War of Independence
50
•
1954–1956: Britain tortures and kills at least 50,000 Kenyans in the Mau
Mau Rebellion
• 1961: French police massacre pro-FLN Algerians in a peaceful
demonstration later known as the Paris massacre
• 1972: British Army shoots unarmed protesters in Northern Ireland, later
known as Bloody Sunday
• 1978: European Court of Human Rights rules that torture by the British
government of suspect IRA members constitutes "cruel and inhuman
treatment"
1932-1975 US torture report from Amnesty international:
( Report of Amnesty International, Report on Torture [US edition, Farrar,
Straus and Giroux, 1975, and specific AI country reports.)
51
USA a identified torture training country by report of
amnesty international
1987-1991 Manual of SOA on torture techniques
• manuals were prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and
1991 for intelligence training courses at the U.S. Army School of the
Americas (SOA). The manuals were also distributed by Special Forces
Mobile Training teams to military personnel and intelligence schools in
Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Peru.
• The manuals advise that torture techniques can backfire and that the threat
of pain is often more effective than pain itself. The manuals describe
coercive techniques to be used "to induce psychological regression in the
subject by bringing a superior outside force to bear on his will to resist."
These techniques include prolonged constraint, prolonged exertion,
extremes of heat, cold, or moisture, deprivation of food or sleep, disrupting
routines, solitary confinement, threats of pain, deprivation of sensory stimuli,
hypnosis , and use of drugs or placebos.
52
•
•
•
Post World War II to 1975
Torture abroad during the Cold War
American officials were involved in counter-insurgency programs in which they did not prevent their
allies, such as the ARVN from using torture during the 1960s to the 1980s. From 1967 to at least 1972,
the Central Intelligence Agency coordinated the Phoenix Program, which targeted the infrastructure
of the Communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ("Viet Cong"). The program
killed 26,000 Viet Cong and captured over 60,000. Critics of the program assert that many of those
identified by the program as Viet Cong members were actually civilians, who when captured suffered
torture by the South Vietnamese Army, under CIA supervision.
•
American trainers and intelligence coordination officials supported the internal security apparatus of
the regimes of South America's southern cone as those regimes carried out kidnappings and torture
known as "disappearances" during the 1970s and 1980s, including as part of Operation Condor.
Similar support was provided to right-wing governments of Central America, particularly in the 1980s.
Numerous participants in these abuses were trained by the U.S. Army School of the Americas.
Americans were present as supervisors in the Mariona Prison in San Salvador, El Salvador, well
known for a wide variety of forms of torture. One author, Jennifer Harbury, focussing on Central
America, concluded that "A review of the materials leads relentlessly to just one conclusion: that the
CIA and related U.S. intelligence agencies have since their inception engaged in the widespread
practice of torture, either directly or through well-paid proxies."[24] More broadly, others have
argued that "torture has always been a staple of U.S. military interventions.
53
Critical opinions
• 1. We doubt very deeply in the universality of human right on
the inconsequence of juridical system, if the rule of law can not
protect the human right and all its promised rights in all
constitution of freedom to life, happiness, to freedom of want
and fear
• all Human right codification in constitution in form of freedom
in thought, in religion and in expression are never safeguarded
in a just and fair juridical System, in China exist the juridical
system of Party above the civilian law and overwrite the
independent civilian law. We think, rule of law is overturned
by rule of party.
54
Dialogues: Taiwan and China Human right safety
policy
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1. political Human right of civilian right in the constitution
are universal valid to both Taiwan and China,
Article 35. Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of
procession and of demonstration
Article 36. Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief
Article 37. The freedom of person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.
Article 39. The home of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.
Article 40. The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law.
Article 41. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions to any state organ or
functionary.
Article 42. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work
Article 43. Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest.
Article 44. The state prescribes by law the system of retirement for workers and staff in enterprises and undertakings and
for functionaries of organs of state
Article 45. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when
they are old, ill or disabled.
Article 46. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education.
Article 47. Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic
creation and other cultural pursuits
Article 48. Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, political, economic,
cultural and social, and family life.
Article 49. Marriage, the family, and mother and child are protected by the state
55
Rights of citizens in ROC constitution
•
Chapter II Rights and Duties of the People btn_top2.gif (1755 bytes)
•
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Article 7: Right of equality
All citizens of the Republic of China, irrespective of sex, religion, ethnic origin, class, or party affiliation, shall be
equal before the law.
(1) Personal freedom shall be guaranteed to the people. In no case except that of flagrante delicto, which shall be
separately prescribed by law, shall any person be arrested or detained other than by a judicial or police organ in
accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. No person shall be tried or punished other than by a law court in
accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. Any arrest, detention, trial, or punishment not carried out in
accordance with the procedure prescribed by law may be resisted.
(2) When a person is arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a crime, the organ making the arrest or
detention shall inform him in writing, and any relative or friend of his designated by him, of the grounds for his arrest
or detention, and shall turn him over, not later than twenty-four hours after his arrest, to a competent court for trial.
The said person, or any other person, may petition the competent court to serve a writ on the organ making the arrest
to surrender within twenty-four hours the said person for trial.
(3) The court shall not reject the petition referred to in the preceding paragraph, nor shall it first of all order the organ
concerned to make an investigation and submit a report thereon. The organ concerned shall not refuse to comply, or
delay in complying, with the writ of the court for the surrender of the said person for trial.
(4) When a person is unlawfully arrested or detained by any organ, he or any other person may petition the court to
make an investigation. The court shall not reject such a petition and shall, within twenty-four hours, investigate the
action taken by the organ concerned and deal with the matter in accordance with law
•
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Article 9
Except those in active military service, no person shall be liable to court-martial.
Article 10
The people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence.
Article 11
The people shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing, and publication.
Article 12
The people shall have freedom of privacy of correspondence.
Article 13
The people shall have freedom of religious belief.
Article 14
The people shall have freedom of assembly and of association.
Article 15
The right to live, the right to work, and the right to own property shall be guaranteed to the people.
Article 16
The people shall have the right to present petitions, lodge complaints, and institute legal
proceedings.
Article 17
The people shall have the rights of election, recall, initiative, and referendum.
57
• We have checked the both constitutions and fund that
the “universal Human rights” paragraphs are in spirit
of UN declaration, but in reality they are only
constitution of papers and not realized in legal system.
• 1. Freedom of equality are not real, because the
civilian law can be overwritten by interest of security
of state, but the state is owned by party
• 2. the amnesty international report on the China
Human right violation 58
2. the amnesty international report on the China
and Asia Human right violation
•
•
amnesty international: In China, serious human rights violations continue to
be committed. This includes torture, execution (in which China is world
leader), excessive use of force in public order policing, repression of dissent
and forced repatriation of asylum seekers without recourse to a refugee
determination procedure. Foreign governments continue to fail in
challenging China's disastrous human rights record, however, the recent
award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the Chinese human rights defender, Liu
Xiaobo may lead to some positive change in that regard.
East Asia sees continuing serious human rights abuses across the region.
Freedom of expression is still significantly limited in South Korea. In North
Korea the government still fails to uphold its population's basic right to food
and health care. Most East Asian governments, including Japan, continue to
apply the death penalty.
59
http://www.amnesty.org.uk/content.asp?CategoryID=10498
EU appeal Taiwan to stop capital penalty
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•
2011 Taiwan Justice ministry executed capital penalty and EU send to
Taiwan a severe protest. The EU council has just past through the Visa free
act for Taiwan. The higher Representative regreted so much that Taiwan
still execute the capital penalty despite the protest of EU.
EU charter has forbidden the capital penalty. The reason is if the right of
Government comes from the Authorization of people, the question is: when
will Asian people be asked from Government to authorize to execute capital
punishment, when will the general will of people be consulted by governing
parties?
Another question is: Do the state have the right to put people to death, can
state kill?
60
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2. Democracy system in EU can safeguard the realization
of political human right, it is still a ideal for Chinese society
to develop a democracy political system and democratic
thinking in all social life, it will strengthen the social safety
3. If Government commit Crime in form of bribery and corruption in governance
that
threaten the social safety, how can a corrupted juridical System of
Government fight against its own crime that threaten the
social safety in a most radical form?
In China, a communist can’t be judged by civilian court, why, are they two legal
system, or rule by two law, and people are only equal before civilian court but not
equal before party law.
So equality of human right of UN declaration is no more universal validation.
4. Chinese wisdom: the governor can set fire but the people can't turn on the light,
social crisis comes mostly from the Governing classes
61
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5. The EU criteria to become a Member: Human right,
democracy and rule of law can be a good mirror for
Taiwan and China?
6. This criteria question us: do we have a good
governance to respect human right, are we democratic
system and do we rule the people by political party or
rule of law
7. Freedom, justice and safety of EU must be also the
guide principle of the social safety policy in our Taiwan
and China political system, the dialogues is also a
challenge to check our safety policy
62
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8. The criminological structure of Taiwan and
china society are identical with EU in all
dimension, but we ask, bad governance and
bad social safety policy can cause social
alienation more then a organized crime
9. Dialectical elements of social safety can be
understood: unjust juridical system can not win
the trust of people, who can judge the power of
a unjust political system and unjust juridical
system?
63
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10. Safety policy has the target to protect the
human right, but the corrupted system do not
put human right as concern, but only concern
the power to control and to manipulate the
social justice
11. Asia has to develop a fundamental value of
social justice that can strengthen the social
safety, EU try to develop a social welfare EU:
The theory of Professor Hassemar: The best
criminal policy is the social policy, which
concern the welfare of the social weak class
and the poor people
64
Danke!
Dr. Lukas Lien
EULRC of NTU
5. November 2013
65
版權聲明
頁碼
3
作品
大道之行
也……是謂
「小康」。
版權圖示
來源/作者
《禮記》禮運篇，大同章 / 孔子。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
Wikipedia/ Unknown author
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
5
大學之道…壹
是皆以修身為
本。
《禮記》大學篇 / 孔子弟子及其再傳弟子。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
大人者，…而
有所增益之也。
《大學問》/ 王陽明。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
10
「夫萬事萬物
之理不外於吾
心」等句
《傳習錄》卷中/ 王陽明。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
11
「所以為聖
者……..則亦
可為聖人。」
等句
《傳習錄》卷中/ 王陽明。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
7
9
66
版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源/作者
12
“Enlightment
is……guided
by another.”
Immanuel Kant
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
13
世界上祇有兩
樣東西…….崇
高道德法則。
《實踐理性批判》（Kritik der praktischen Vernunft）/ 康德。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
Wikipedia / Unknown author
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kant_foto.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
16
14-16, 1822
“I
perceive ……
the moral law
within me.”等
句
Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Lewis White Beck, trans. / Immanuel Kant,
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
23
你們必定認識
真理，真理必
定使你們自由
《聖經》約翰福音八章三十二節。
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
67
版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權圖示
來源/作者
23
Wikipedia / Daniel Schwen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg
本作品屬公領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
24
Hegel System-Poster / Unknown author
http://www.hegel.net/en/e-poster.htm
本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」通用灣2.0版授權釋出。
25-32
“Genuine
tragedies… between
two rights.” 等句
Wikipedia/ Unknown author
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel00.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
32
34-36
37
Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts /Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
本作品已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之著作。
All human
beings …and equal
in dignity and rights.
等句
《世界人權宣言》
國際公約非著作權法保護之客體，屬公領域之文書。
Australian Human Rights Commission
http://www.humanrights.gov.au/rights-and-freedoms-right-right-0
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
68
版權聲明
頁碼
38
39
作品
版權圖示
來源/作者
Human dignity is
inviolable. 等句
《歐洲聯盟基本權利憲章 》
國際公約非著作權法保護之客體，屬公領域之文書。
On the ninth of
October 2012…of
every child.
Malala Yousafzai
依著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。
39
Wikipedia / White House, crop by Keφr
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malala_Yousafzai_at_Oval_Office_2013_cropped.jpg
本作品屬公領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
40
Wikipedia / Elias Goldensky
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg
本作品屬公領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
40
41
Democracy cannot
succeed …is
education.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
本言論已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之範圍。
A democracy …of
the other forty-nine.
Thomas Jefferson
本言論已超過著作財產權存續期間，屬公共領域之範圍。
69
版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權
圖示
來源/作者
41
Wikipedia / Rembrandt Peale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale_1805_cropped.jpg
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
42
LESLEY DIANE MCDADE
http://lesleymcdade.blogspot.tw/2006/05/romano-etruscan-minervaathene-and.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
43
Hiljmnijetaapuk
http://hiljmnijetaapuk.wordpress.com/2009/09/06/kunder-diskriminimit/against-discrimination-2/
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2013/11/24。
45-47
55
56-57
「人性尊嚴不可侵
犯，其必須受尊重
與保護。」等句
《歐洲聯盟基本權利憲章》/ 未知的翻譯作者
www.scu.edu.tw/hr/document_imgs/documents/cfreu.doc
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/01/16。
Article 35-Article 49
International Human Rights Treaties & Document Database中華人民共和國憲法/Unknown translator
http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const03.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/01/16。
Article 7-Article 17
中華民國總統府，中華民國憲法/ 未知的翻譯作者
http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1107
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/01/16。
70