Transcript Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser
By; Verna Manson
& Kaila Brooks
Narrative
• The Leader
– Gamal Abdel Nasser Jan. 15, 1918 – Sept. 28, 1970
– Had little formal education
– From 1935-1936 Nasser was elected Chairman of
a committee of Cairo secondary school students
interested in Egyptian political reform
– In !937 halted his political life and admitted to the
Egyptian Military Academy
– Lead Egyptian revolution of 1952
– Second president of Egypt from 1956 to his death
Historical Context
– 1517: Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire
– 1882: United Kingdom invaded and occupied Egypt
– WW1: Egypt made protectorate of the United
Kingdom
– 1922: Gained independence from the United Kingdom
– 1952: King Farouk overthrown by the “Free Officer
Movement” led by Nasser
– 1954: Nasser removed the first president, General
Muhammad Naguib, from office
Elimination of Opposition
• In 1952 a rebellious army, the Free Officers Movement, led by
General Naguib and Colonel Nasser took power and forced
the abdication of King Farouk (Known as 1952 revolution)
• Nasser disagreed with many of Naguib’s political
matters so he allied with regional and local influential
people. Purged all Naguib supporters
• In 1956 Nasser proclaimed a new constitution that
established Egypt as a one party socialist Arab state
with Islam as the official religion
• In 1957 elections were held and Egypt became a single
party state
Origins of Single Party States
 Nationalism grew with the fall of ottoman empire
 July 1952, the free officers movement, a rebellious army group, led
by general Mohammad Naguib and colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser
took power and forced the abdication of King Farouk
 This milt. Coup d'état is known as the 1952 Revolution
 June 18, 1953 Egypt was proclaimed a republic
 Nasser disagreed with General Naguib on many political matters and
so he ‘allied’ with regional and local influential people. Nasser
ultimately became the unchallenged ruler of Egypt
 Jan 1958, Nasser proclaimed a new constitution that established
Egypt as one party socialist Arab state with Islam as the official
religion
 1957, elections were held, Egypt became a single party state
Establishment of Single Party States
• Nasser decided to plot against the Royal Family,
and overthrow King Farouk
• On July 23rd 1952, Nasser helped organize a revolt
against the Royal Family
• They were overthrown after a few days of
bloodless revolution
• 1956 conflict with the British and French (Nasser
wanted to be free of colonialism)
• To deal with opposition Nasser did what he could
to restore national pride to all Arab nations
Rule of single-party states
• ECONOMIC POLICIES
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Secured funds for the Aswan High dam, which would bring great economic
benefits to his country
Nationalized Suez canal in 1956 in order to retaliate and gain more funds for the
dam
Affiliation with communists led to withdrawal of British and American support of
the dam
Aswan high dam resulted in an increase of crop production
Under nationalization, 7 billion Egyptian pounds of private assets transferred into
the public sector
All large companies, major industries, and banks were transferred to public,
government control
In the land reforms of 1952 and 1961, private land reduced from 200 to 10
feddans (land area units)
Capital investment increased and electric power, mining and industry flourished
Rule of single-party states
• POLITICAL POLICIES
• Nasser established the rev command council, to solidify the milt hold on
the government
• In 1952 many new reforms were established to create order: civil service
reforms, party system reforms, and agrarian system reforms
• The Suez canal was nationalized in 1956
• Nasser made Egypt less dependent on western nations
Rule of single-party states
• SOCIAL POLICIES
• Average living standard was raised
• There was an increase in spending for social services, pensions, and
benefits
• Nasser enacted many land reforms with very socialist ideals
• Reduction of agriculture rents
• Extreme reduction of private property
Rule of single-party states
• Role of Education, the media & propaganda
– Since Egyptian broadcasting was the best in the
middle-east, Nasser used it as a major source of
propaganda
– Gained exclusive control of all media organs,
newspaper kept under state control
– Education given to everyone free of cost, hoped to
give the deprived a chance to gain control of the
future government
Rule of single-party states
• Use of the arts
– The two most influential, well-known Arab Singers
at the time made songs praising him
– Plays were produced to belittle his opponents.
Rule of single-party states
• Treatment of minorities and women
– Nasser made Egypt an Islamic nation, due to this
many Christian Egyptians fled to America, Canada
or Western Europe
– Land reform & nationalization of business hurt
Christian Egyptians (they depended on private
businesses)
– Women encouraged to get education and work to
help economy. After six day war they gained
voting rights.
Regional and Global Impact
• Foreign Policy- stop colonialism
• The Suez Canal; 40% was under the control of the
French and British
• Nasser nationalized the Canal, provoking an attack
from the French and British
• This attack was looked down upon internationally.
Especially by the US, President Eisenhower was openly
critical of the French and British
• Nasser's’ stand against France and Great Brit made him
extremely popular among all Arab Nations
Influence on the Cold War
• USSR and Egypt were allies
• USSR provided Egypt with funding after
funding from International Bank stopped after
the conflict of 1956
• The USSR gained from this relationship by
making a stake in the Mediterranean Sea
Works Cited
• http://uahsibhistory.wikispaces.com/file/view
/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser.pdf
• http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gamal_a
bdel_nasser.htm
• http://nasser.bibalex.org/Common/pictures01
-%20sira_en.htm