Transcript Deployment of Sensing Devices on Critical Infrastructure

Microprocessor
Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan
Al-Azhar University
Lecture 1
Class Materials

Text book
• Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor
architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and
Design,.
• Term paper/Project
• Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as
possible
• Group of max. 2 students
2
Schedule and Arrangement

2 Classes Weekly

1 Tutorial Weekly

We may substitute one of the lectures by a
tutorial according to the class requirements.
3
Participation

You are expected to attend all of the
lectures
• Exams will be based on the class materials

Group Activities
• Very Important
4
Assignments and Quizzes

Must be submitted on time

Late assignments will be accepted within one
week with substantial penalties

One Quiz (15 minutes ) Every Week . Please
come ready
5
Learning is a treasure whose keys are
questions. So do not be afraid to ask.
I have no problem saying, I made a
mistake and the right thing is … or I do
not know and I have to look it up
6
Lets Get Started
7
Computing Evolution
We Have Come a Long Way!!
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938
Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago
The Computer
Evolution
Moore’s Law
1965 prediction by Intel
cofounder Gordon Moore:
The number of transistors
that can be built on the same
size piece of silicon will
double every 18 months
log (people per
computer)
Bell’s Law: New computing
class every 10 years
Streaming Data
to/from the
Physical World
year
Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.
Ubiquitous Computing: A
Vision Ahead of his Time
The most profound
technologies are those
that disappear. They
weave themselves into
the fabric of everyday life
until they are
indistinguishable from it.
Mark Weiser, 1991
Where is the Microprocessor ?

It is inside of every device that we have
such as computer , printers , mobile ,
etc..
16
What is the Microprocessor?





Multipurpose , programmable logic device.
Reads Instructions from the Memory
Accepts binary input data
Process the data according to the instructions
Produces Output
17
A typical Programmable
Machine/System

Microprocessor , Memory, and I/O
Memory
Microprocessor
I/O
18
The System Components



Hardware  Physical Devices
Program  a group of instructions
preformed by the microprocessor
Software  a group of programs
Memory
Microprocessor
I/O
19
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals.

Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of
RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to
the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,

The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip.

The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other
components are used as peripherals.
20
What numbering System a
Microprocessor Uses?
Binary System
 A Bit is 0 or 1
 The processor processes a group of bits called
Word.
 The word size could be:
8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bits
Therefore, the processor is named after the word
size. e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

21
A Microprocessor as a
Programmable Device

The piano is a programmable
machine
• With its key , we can generate notes

The Microprocessor has
different instructions :
• Can be combined in different ways to
•
generate different programs.
Instructions are stored in a Memory
22
The Memory
23
Word Addressing

Given M words , how many bits l are required to address
them?
l  log2 M

Example: to address 64 MB, we need
l  log2 (64 * 2 )  26 bits
20
24
Memory Organization



Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address
A memory address is an index into the array
"Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte apart
0
8 bits of data
1
8 bits of data
2
8 bits of data
3
8 bits of data
4
8 bits of data
5
8 bits of data
6
8 bits of data
...
Types of Memory


Cache Memory
•
•
Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data
Small  High Cost
RAM (Main Memory)
•
•
•
Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing
a program
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
•
•
Uses Tiny Capacitors
Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data
Static RAM (SRAM)
•
•
Holds its data as long as the power is on
D Flip Flop
Types of Memory (Cont.)



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ROM
•
•
Stores critical information necessary to operate the system.
Hardwired  can not be programmed
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
•
Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
•
•
Can be programmed with special tool
It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed
Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM)
•
•
No special tools required
Can erase a portion
Memory Hierarchy

The idea
•
•
Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory
Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.
Hit Vs. Miss




Hit
•
The requested data resides in a given level of memory.
Miss
•
The requested data is not found in the given level of memory
Hit rate
•
The percentage of memory accesses found in a given level of
memory.
Miss rate
•
The percentage of memory accesses not found in a given level of
memory.