Computer Architecture Chapter 2

The Role of Performance

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Introduction

° ° ° ° °

This chapter discusses how to measure, report, and summarize performance and describes the major factor that determine the performance of a computer A primary reason for examining performance is that hardware performance is often key to the effectiveness of an entire system of hardware and software Assessing the performance of such a system can be quite challenging Key to understanding underlying organizational motivation

Why is some hardware better than others for different programs?

What factors of system performance are hardware related?

(e.g., Do we need a new machine, or a new operating system?) How does the machine's instruction set affect performance?

For example, to improve the performance of a software system, we may need to understand what factors in the hardware contribute to the overall performance and the relative importance of these factors

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Which of these airplanes has the best performance?

Airplane Passengers

Boeing 737-100 Boeing 747 BAD/Sud Concorde Douglas DC-8-50 101 470 132 146

Range (mi) Speed (mph)

630 4150 4000 8720 598 610 1350 544 °

How much faster is the Concorde compared to the 747?

°

How much bigger is the 747 than the Douglas DC-8?

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Computer Performance

°

Response Time (latency): the time between the start and completion of a task — How long does it take for my job to run?

— How long does it take to execute a job?

— How long must I wait for the database query?

°

Throughput: the total amount of work done in a given time — How many jobs can the machine run at once?

— What is the average execution rate?

— How much work is getting done?

°

If we upgrade a machine with a new processor what do we increase?

If we add a new machine to the lab what do we increase?

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Two notions of “performance”

Plane DC to Paris Speed Boeing 747

6.5 hours 610 mph

Passengers Throughput (pmph)

470 286,700

BAD/Sud Concorde

3 hours 1350 mph 132

Which has higher performance?

178,200 Lec2.5

Example

• Time of Concorde vs. Boeing 747?

• Concord is 1350 mph / 610 mph = 2.2 times faster = 6.5 hours / 3 hours • Throughput of Concorde vs. Boeing 747 ?

• Concord is 178,200 pmph / 286,700 pmph = 0.62 “times faster” • Boeing is 286,700 pmph / 178,200 pmph = 1.60 “times faster” • Boeing is 1.6 times (“60%”) faster in terms of throughput • Concord is 2.2 times (“120%”) faster in terms of flying time Lec2.6

Execution Time

°

Elapsed Time

• •

counts everything (disk and memory accesses, I/O, etc.) a useful number, but often not good for comparison purposes

°

CPU time

• •

doesn't count I/O or time spent running other programs can be broken up into system time, and user time

°

Our focus: user CPU time

•

time spent executing the lines of code that are "in" our program

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Book's Definition of Performance

°

For some program running on machine X, Performance

X

= 1 / Execution time

X

°

"X is n times faster than Y" Performance

X

/ Performance

Y

= n

°

Problem:

• •

machine A runs a program in 20 seconds machine B runs the same program in 25 seconds

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Clock Cycles

° °

Almost all computers are constructed using a clock that runs at a constant rate and determines when events take place in the hardware These discrete time intervals are called clock cycles (or clock ticks, clock periods, clocks, cycles) time

° ° °

Instead of reporting execution time in seconds, we often use cycles cycle time = time between ticks = seconds per cycle clock rate (frequency) = cycles per second (1 Hz. = 1 cycle/sec) A 200 Mhz. clock has a cycle time

200 1  10 6  10 9  5 nanoseconds Lec2.9

Now that we understand cycles

°

A given program will require

• • •

some number of instructions (machine instructions) some number of cycles some number of seconds

°

We have a vocabulary that relates these quantities:

• • •

cycle time (seconds per cycle) clock rate (cycles per second) CPI (cycles per instruction)

a floating point intensive application might have a higher CPI

•

MIPS (millions of instructions per second)

this would be higher for a program using simple instructions

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CPI

“

Average cycles per instruction”

CPI = (CPU Time * Clock Rate) / Instruction Count = Clock Cycles / Instruction Count CPU clock cycles =  CPI * C

i i

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CPI Example

°

Suppose we have two implementations of the same instruction set architecture (ISA). For some program, Machine A has a clock cycle time of 10 ns. and a CPI of 2.0 Machine B has a clock cycle time of 20 ns. and a CPI of 1.2 What machine is faster for this program, and by how much?

°

If two machines have the same ISA which of our quantities (e.g., clock rate, CPI, execution time, # of instructions, MIPS) will always be identical?

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# of Instructions Example

°

A compiler designer is trying to decide between two code sequences for a particular machine. Based on the hardware implementation, there are three different classes of instructions: Class A, Class B, and Class C, and they require one, two, and three cycles (respectively). The first code sequence has 5 instructions: 2 of A, 1 of B, and 2 of C The second sequence has 6 instructions: 4 of A, 1 of B, and 1 of C.

Which sequence will be faster? How much?

What is the CPI for each sequence?

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MIPS example

° °

6 MIPS = Instruction count/(Execution time * 10 ) Two different compilers are being tested for a 100 MHz. machine with three different classes of instructions: Class A, Class B, and Class C, which require one, two, and three cycles (respectively). Both compilers are used to produce code for a large piece of software.

The first compiler's code uses 5 million Class A instructions, 1 million Class B instructions, and 1 million Class C instructions.

The second compiler's code uses 10 million Class A instructions, 1 million Class B instructions, and 1 million Class C instructions.

° °

Which sequence will be faster according to MIPS?

Which sequence will be faster according to execution time?

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Metrics of performance

Application Answers per month Useful Operations per second Programming Language Compiler ISA Datapath Control Function Units Transistors Wires Pins (millions) of Instructions per second – MIPS (millions) of (F.P.) operations per second – MFLOP/s Megabytes per second Cycles per second (clock rate)

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Benchmarks

° ° °

Performance best determined by running a real application

• •

Use programs typical of expected workload Or, typical of expected class of applications e.g., compilers/editors, scientific applications, graphics, etc.

Small benchmarks

• • •

nice for architects and designers easy to standardize can be abused SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Cooperative)

• • •

companies have agreed on a set of real program and inputs can still be abused (Intel’s “other” bug) valuable indicator of performance (and compiler technology)

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SPEC ‘89

°

Compiler “enhancements” and performance

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 gcc espresso spice doduc nasa7 li Benchmark eqntott matrix300 fpppp tomcatv Compiler Enhanced compiler Lec2.17

SPEC95

°

Eighteen application benchmarks (with inputs) reflecting a technical computing workload

°

Eight integer

•

go, m88ksim, gcc, compress, li, ijpeg, perl, vortex

°

Ten floating-point intensive

•

tomcatv, swim, su2cor, hydro2d, mgrid, applu, turb3d, apsi, fppp, wave5

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SPEC ‘95

Benchmark

go m88ksim gcc compress li ijpeg perl vortex tomcatv swim su2cor hydro2d mgrid applu trub3d apsi fpppp wave5

Description

Artificial intelligence; plays the game of Go Motorola 88k chip simulator; runs test program The Gnu C compiler generating SPARC code Compresses and decompresses file in memory Lisp interpreter Graphic compression and decompression Manipulates strings and prime numbers in the special-purpose programming language Perl A database program A mesh generation program Shallow water model with 513 x 513 grid quantum physics; Monte Carlo simulation Astrophysics; Hydrodynamic Naiver Stokes equations Multigrid solver in 3-D potential field Parabolic/elliptic partial differential equations Simulates isotropic, homogeneous turbulence in a cube Solves problems regarding temperature, wind velocity, and distribution of pollutant Quantum chemistry Plasma physics; electromagnetic particle simulation Lec2.19

4 3 2 1 0 10 9 8 7 6 5

SPEC ‘95

Does doubling the clock rate double the performance?

Can a machine with a slower clock rate have better performance?

50 100 150 Clock rate (MHz) 200 Pentium Pentium Pro 250 10 9 4 3 2 1 0 6 5 8 7 50 100 150 Clock rate (MHz) 200 Pentium Pentium Pro 250 Lec2.20

Amdahl's Law

Execution Time After Improvement = Execution Time Unaffected +( Execution Time Affected / Amount of Improvement )

°

Example: "Suppose a program runs in 100 seconds on a machine, with multiply responsible for 80 seconds of this time. How much do we have to improve the speed of multiplication if we want the program to run 4 times faster?" How about making it 5 times faster?

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