Transcript Document

Cracking the APA Code
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APA is hard, but not impossible.
What’s the code?
King, S. J., & Turner, D. S. (2000). Caring
for adolescent females with anorexia.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 146–
149. Retrieved December 19, 2002,
from Health Source: Nursing Academic
database.
APA learning curve
Gradual
enlightenment
Eureka!
?
Why
me?
#$%^&!
Best way to learn APA?
Understand the principles.
Find and follow a model.
Realize it’s an iterative process.
First Principle
If it’s not cited, it’s yours.
Over the past 30 years, researchers have
demonstrated that the great apes . . .
resemble humans in language abilities
more than had been thought possible. Just
how far that resemblance extends,
however, has been a matter of some
controversy.
Second Principle
If it’s cited, you must provide enough
information to locate the source.
In an influential article, Terrace,
Petitto, Sanders, and Bever (1979)
argued that the apes in language
experiments . . . were merely imitating
their trainers.
Where do we find Terrace et al?
This brief in-text citation
. . . Terrace,
Petitto, Sanders, and Bever
(1979) . . .
has a matching reference list entry:
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J.,
& Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create
a sentence? Science, 206, 891-902.
In-text cites match ref. list
 The
beginning of the parenthetical
citation matches the beginning of
the reference list entry (Hacker,
n.d.).

Hacker, D. (n.d.). APA in-text citations.
Retrieved April 25, 2007, from
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c0
9_o.html
In-text cites ≠ match = problem
 Matching
the beginning of the
reference list entry allows readers
to quickly skim the reference
entries (www.dianahacker.com).

Hacker, D. (n.d.). APA in-text citations.
Retrieved April 25, 2007, from
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c0
9_o.html
In-text cites match ref. list
 Every
in-text citation should
have a matching reference list
entry.

Exception: works with nonrecoverable
data, such as letters, emails, or
interviews, are cited only in text.
(T. Westbrook, personal communication,
February 12, 2005)
Third Principle

Elements in an APA citation follow a
predictable order.
APA Logic: 3—Order
Elements in an APA citation follow a
predictable order.
Author. (Date). Publication information
APA Logic: 3—Publication
Publication information varies by source.
Periodical
Nonperiodical (whole/part)
Online periodical
Online document
APA Logic: 3—Periodical
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Date). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, ##, 000-000.
Note: the last two elements are the volume
number and page numbers.
APA Logic: 3—Mag. or Annual
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Date).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, ##, 000000.
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., &
Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create a
sentence? Science, 206, 891-902.
APA Logic: 3—Journal
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title
of Periodical, ##(##), 000-000.
Note: add issue number and date if given.
APA Logic: 3—Journal
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year,
Month Day). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, ##(##), 000-000.
Curtis, M. & Herrington, A. (2003). Writing
development in the college years: By
whose definition? College Composition
and Communication, 55(1), 69–90.
APA Logic: 3—Nonperiodical
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work. Location:
publisher.
A nonperiodical is an item published separately,
such as a book, CD, or movie.
APA Logic: 3—Nonperiodical
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work. Location:
publisher.
American Psychological Association. (2001).
Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.:
Author.
APA Logic: 3—Part of work
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of
chapter or section. In A. Editor, B.
Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.) Title of work
(pp. 000-000). Location: publisher.
APA Logic: 3—Online per.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
##, 000-000. Retrieved month day, year,
from source.
APA Logic: 3—Online Eg.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Date).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, ##, 000-000.
Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Levin, J. S. (2000). The revised institution: The
community college mission at the end of the
twentieth century. [Electronic version].
Community College Review: 28(2), 1–25.
APA Logic: 3—Database
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Date). Title of
article. Title of Periodical, ##, 000-000. Retrieved month
day, year, from source.
Kroll, K. (1994). A profile of community college
English faculty and curriculum. Community
College Review, 22(3), 37–54. Retrieved
March 16, 2004, from Academic Search
Premier database.
APA Logic: 3—Online doc.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of document. Retrieved month day,
year, from source.
Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) Retrieved
February 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s third
grade Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/
classprojects.html
APA Logic: 3—No author
If no author is given, the title becomes the first
element in the citation.
Parenthetical citation
. . . (“Washoe,” Introduction section).
Reference list entry
Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) Retrieved
February 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s third
grade Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/
classprojects.html
APA 3:Which is more
credible?
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., &
Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create a
sentence? Science, 206, 891-902.
Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) Retrieved
February 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s third
grade Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/
classprojects.html
APA 3:Which is more
credible?
Road Rage and Teens. (n.d.). Retrieved July 20,
2004, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/
alyplace
Sharkin, B. S. (2002), Road rage: Risk factors,
assessment, and intervention factors. Journal
of Counseling & Development, (82)2.
Retrieved July 20, 2004, from Academic
Search Elite database.
APA 3:Which is more
credible?
http://www.angelfire.com/al/alyplace
http://search.epnet.com
s7742687
password
search for Sharkin
AND road rage
Sharkin, B. S. (2002). Road rage: Risk factors,
assessment, and intervention factors. Journal
of Counseling & Development, (82)2.
Retrieved July 20, 2004, from Academic
Search Elite database.
APA 4: Find a model
See Strategies for Learning APA
handout
What do I document?
Paraphrases—others’ ideas expressed
in my words
Quotations—others’ ideas expressed
in their words and set off with “ ”
Is there an easier way?
Citation Machine (citationmachine.net)
More accurate, with helpful hints about fine
points like capitalization—
Bedford Bibliographer
link and directions available at
http://word-crafter.net/CompII/annobibliography.html
Hints to remember
If you don’t know the author, start with the title.
In article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and
subtitle and any proper nouns.
Just a myth: George Washington and the cherry tree
Use n.d. if you can’t find a date
Give the whole URL for Web sites (copy and paste)
Check the perimeter of a Web site and links like About Us for
information
If you’re missing more than two of the elements needed for an
APA citation, consider whether the source is credible enough
to use.
APA learning curve
Increasing
confidence
Eureka!
?
Why
me?
#$%^&!