Gender Analysis in Agriculture Punjab
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Transcript Gender Analysis in Agriculture Punjab
GENDER ANALYSIS
IN AGRICULTURE
PUNJAB - PAKISTAN
Field Insights – 11-13 May 2011
Linda Pennells IASC GenCap Adviser
Activity
‘Quick capture’ of gender good practice and field insights:
Multan orientation and tool revision.
IP and beneficiary discussions – Ali Pur
IP and beneficiary discussions – Bootaywala
Objectives
Contribute field insight into 3-week Pakistan mission.
Demonstrate field-friendliness and value of practical tools.
Identify a sampling of relevant gender issues with FAO/WFP team.
Contribute to toolkit for the FAO-led AFSSWG livelihoods
assessment.
Focus
The roles of men and women in rice and wheat production.
Gender lessons learned in farm equipment distributed in
EU-funded Food Facility Project.
Gender in local irrigation.
Facilitators
Jam Khalid / Abida Begum – equipment (35 min).
Jam Khalid / Abida Begum - rice (20 min).
Jamil Amir – wheat (20 min).
Irrigation – short episodes totalling 30 minutes.
Rice Production - Bootaywala
Men
& Boys
Time invested
by males
Preparing seedbed
3-4 hr
men
Planting in nursery
.5 hr
men
Weeding in nursery
.5 hr
men
Input purchase
10 min-2days
men
Land/soil preparation – with tractor
8 hr
men
Fertilizing
4 hr
men
Weeding
1 hr
Pest control
Hand harvesting (cutting)
4 days
Combine harvesting
1 hr
Activity
Transplanting
Women
& Girls
Time invested by
females
Who makes
decisions?
40 hr
men
1 hr
men
men
6 days
men
men
Threshing (by hand)
10 days
(2 x 5 days)
men
Selecting healthy seeds for next planting
15-20 min
men
Putting grain into storage
14 hr
men
Cleaning/fumigating storage
5 min per yr
men
De-husking at mill
Selling/bartering of rice
6 hr
men
10min-2days
men
Grinding (flour)/cleaning (rice) for home use
5-10 min/day
women
Baking/food preparation
30 min/day
women
Bootaywala – community feedback
Women invest 2 or 3 hours for every hour invested by men in rice
production (determinant: combine or not).
Gender gap in decision-making: not reflect M-F input.
Rice is a ‘partnership’ crop: males and females share some
roles but have distinct skills/knowledge in rice production.
Conflict or disaster that causes family separation can
jeopardize yield.
Vital analysis for projects focusing on local rice production:
o what do male and female farmers do, what time to they invest in the crop,
what are their different skills and coping methods;
o how does rice work factor into men’s and women’s other productive,
reproductive and community work.
The Bootaywala Sources
Equipment Distribution - Bootaywala
Type of Machinery and
Equipment distributed in
EU Food Facility Project
Primary Users
Male
Potential to
increase yield
Female
Reduces
workload
Male
Storage bin for seed grain
Jab planter (manual)
Maize sheller (motorized)
Reduces loss
Rice de-huller
(mechanized)
Increases
profit
Power tiller (15 hp)
Increases yield
Wheat seed drill
(tractor driven)
Increases
yield
Female
Increases
workload
Male
Female
1 hr
20 hr
5 hr
30 min
7 hr
2.75 hr
30 min
159 hr
(150 reaping &
9 hand
digging)
Bootaywala Equipment Feedback
The six pieces of FAO farm equipment saves women 183 hr but
increases men’s work by about 4 hr per acre.
Equipment changes gender roles: power tiller/maize sheller.
Gender gap in mechanization and learning. Focus of women’s
learning: separate seed and grain storages and using 1 hand tool.
Men’s learning focus: operating, maintaining and minor repair of
4 pieces of mechanized equipment.
Power equipment for men – hand-operated for women.
Gender gap in decision-making: not reflect M-F partnership.
Demonstrates need to identify who will be impacted how when farm
equipment selected: the positive serendipity of results in this
community can not be assumed. Up-front gender analysis is needed.
This gender analysis identified ‘invisible’ project results.
Gender in irrigation
Water User Groups – all men – registered landowners
Irrigation water is used on crops (mainly rice and wheat) in
which community members confirm that women do about 2/3 of
the farm labour : a representation gap
Need for holistic approach: water for all food crops, including
home gardens, fruit and nut trees etc.
Opportunities for partnership exist e.g. FAO-IOM collaboration
to provide kitchen garden drip irrigation toolkits on USAID
project
Creative options needed: irrigation hoses to link canal water to
home gardens; drip toolkits; synergistic or linked irrigation and
domestic water projects
Other insights: Bootaywala/Ali Pur
Women Open Schools (WOS) are Farmer Field Schools for
women: merit renaming to recognize women as farmers.
Farm women express need for WOS curriculum expansion:
beyond home gardening to include livestock & key cash crops.
Good WFP analysis supported synergistic livelihoods skills of
men and women in smallholder and tenant farm families:
o e.g. Mix of goat share-cropping (F), day labour (M-F),
farming (M-F) and irrigation management (M).
Local feminization of agricultural day labour – lowest pay –
men have higher-paid options, women often do not.
Bootaywala /Ali Pur
[cont’d]
Gender analysis signals a too-high ‘opportunity cost’ if there is a push
to expand cotton acreage for export earnings.
o *women: 30-40 days weeding per acre in 5-month cycle.
o *men: 14 hr land levelling by hand so irrigation water reaches all plants.
Toxic pesticide risk highest for male sprayers and female cotton
pickers and vegetable growers (Not an FAO issue as FAO does IPM).
For every 10 hr local men invest in wheat production, women invest 8
– not exclusively a ‘men’s crop’! Men’s roles centre on mechanization
and mobility.
Child labour appears higher than politically-conscious project partners
admit – gender dynamics warrant exploring.
Social barriers exist for women in market access and economic
migration but the ‘door is not closed’ – explore what women want to do
and feel they can negotiate social sanction to do.
Conclusions - Identify
Practical gender analysis can help identify the important
realities of women compared to men:
who should be consulted/involved and why.
who has skills, knowledge and potentially solutions to offer.
who needs extension service, training, farm inputs and
resources.
the impact of distribution (equipment, livestock & crop inputs).
the comparative opportunity cost of males & females.
Conclusions - Benefits
Benefits:
FAO team inspired to create 8 more practical tools for field
use and use by IPs.
FAO Pakistan rethinks implement distribution to women
farmers.
Field analysis triggers active discussion on the Gender
Marker – relevance is seen as are practical ways of building
gender into projects.
Contributed to incorporating gender into Pakistan’s Detailed
Livelihoods Assessment.