Transcript WATER RESOURCES AND USE On completion of this module you

WATER RESOURCES AND USE
On completion of this module you should be
able to understand the
• Origin and application of water resources
• Distribution of global water
• Uniqueness of water in Australia and its water demand
• Components of a water supply system
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Water in the Ancient World
• Water is fundamental to life
• Water is used not only for drinking but power, transport and
irrigation
• Ancient civilisations thrived where water was abundant or
people learned to harness it
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Water in the Ancient World
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Waterwheel on the
Rio Guadalquivir,
Cordoba
(circa 1000 AD)
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World Water Crisis
• Water is life’s most precious resource
• An estimated 1.4 billion people lack safe water
• 3.3 billion cases of illness and 5.3 million deaths per year
• 2/3 of humanity will face shortages in 2025
• Knowledge is central to improve global water supply
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World Water Crisis
2.2 million people die each year from diseases such as
cholera and dysentery caused by contaminated water
(Klaus Toepfer, Head of United Nations Environment Program).
Efforts to halve the number of people worldwide living in
poverty by 2015 will fail unless access to clean water is
radically improved
Without adequate clean water, there can be no escape from
poverty
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World Water Crisis
The Aral Sea once the area of Ireland is a quarter the size
owing to excessive water abstraction
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World Water Crisis
Rusting hulls of ships once on the Aral Sea
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Distribution of Global Water
Distribution %
Oceans, seas
Fresh water
Fresh water
(2.5%) distributed
as
97.5 Ice caps
2.5 Groundwater
Soil & surface
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Soil & surface
water (0.5%)
distributed as
76.0 Lakes
54.0
23.5 Soil moisture
38.0
0.5 Atmosphere
8.0
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Global Water and Population
Location
Population
Water resources
Asia
60%
36%
Europe
12%
8%
Africa
13%
11%
North & Central America
8%
15%
South America
6%
25%
Oceania
1%
5%
World population 6.1 billion in 2001
Expect to stabilise to 9.3 billion in mid 21st century
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Comparison of World’s Drainage
Systems
Drainage system
Billion m3
Yangtze
1088
Brahmaputra
599
Mississippi
568
Danube
202
Fly
189
Rhine
69
Murray-Darling
24
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Uniqueness of Australian Water
Resources
• Average annual precipitation is 465 mm of which 10% appears
as runoff
• Average annual world precipitation is 860 mm
• Wide disparity in temporal and spatial distribution
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Queensland’s
Major Drainage
Systems
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Wide disparity in temporal distribution
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Wide disparity in temporal distribution
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Wide disparity in temporal distribution
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Interruptions to the Hydrologic Cycle
• Becoming a less natural system owing to human intervention
• There are technological, social and political impacts
• Water abstraction transcends geographical and national
boundaries
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Australian Water Use
• Irrigation 74%
• Rural purposes 8%
• Urban and industrial usage 18%
• Primary resources are ground and surface water
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Ground Water
Ground water represents 23.5% of global freshwater
• Small development cost
• Negligible evapotranspiration losses
• Reduced alienation of productive land
• Consistent water quality
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Ground Water has some
disadvantages
• High pump energy cost
• Variation in standing water level
• High dissolved solids and minerals
• Corrosion and encrustation of pipes
• May not be suitable for human and industrial uses
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A typical bore well
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Aquifer Types
• Fractured metamorphic rocks
• Consolidated sedimentary rocks
• Unconsolidated sediments
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Potential to use aquifer to treat, store and recover recycled
water
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(source: The Weekend Australian July 6 – 7, p.18)
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Surface Water
• Quality and quantity are highly variable
• Subject to changing land use and evaporation
• Runoff and precipitates may add significant contaminants
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Urban Water Demand
• Residential use constitutes 40 - 60%
• Commercial use
• Industry use
• Public use
• Loss
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Factors Affecting Demand

Climatic conditions

Sewerage & drainage

Water quality

Pressure and flow

Topography, soil types

Water restriction

Metering

Availability

Lot size, gardening
interest

Affluence and costs
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Fluctuations in Demand
• Diurnal flows
• Seasonal flows
• Maximum:minimum flows will depend on population mix
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Ratio Peak:Average Flow Against
Population
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Factors that Influence the Design Flow
• Average daily demand (ADD)
• Mean day of the maximum month (MDMM = 1.5 x ADD)
• Peak day (PD = 1.5 x MDMM)
• Peak hour (PH = PD/12)
Note that the Guidelines for Planning and Design Urban Water Supply
Schemes is now replaced by the Planning Guidelines for Water Supply and
Sewerage, 2005, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland,
and some of the above equations are no longer used.
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Queensland average flows
• 400 L/c.d in SE Queensland
• 800 L/c.d in northern coastal towns
• 1500 L/c.d in dry western areas
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Population Factors
• Birth rates
• Death rates
• Migration
• National economy
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Population Estimation Methods
• Arithmetic progression
• Geometric progression
• Decreasing rate of increase
• Logistic curves
• Graphical interpolation, extrapolation
• Graphical comparison
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A Water Supply System
• Source - surface, ground or combination
• Extraction facilities - intake structures, pumps
• Conveyance system - trunk mains, channels
• Water treatment to achieve quality
• Distribution system - storage, supply mains and reticulation
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A typical water supply
system
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Dam Water
Storage
Revelstoke Dam
British Columbia
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An Intake Structure
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An Intake Structure (Perseverance)
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A Small Intake Structure
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Dam Water Storage
The Brisbane Courier Mail (June 2001) reported
on potential taste problems for Gold Coast
residents
Blue-green algae blooms in Hinze Dam were
reportedly being controlled by carbon filtering but
an anticipated turn-over from predicted cold
weather could create new problems
Thermal pollution, blockage of fish passages are
shown to be the biggest causes of biodiversity
loss in the Murray-Darling Basin river system
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Long Term Problems in Water
The Daily Telegraph (9 June, 2001 p 11) reported that a 1999
University of Technology Sydney study concluded that
hormones in sewage waste could be changing the morphology
of fish in South Creek (which flows to the Hawkesbury River at
Windsor).
The study found that fins crucial to the fertility and sexual
function of mosquito fish - an introduced species-- had shrunk or
were found to be smaller in specimens found downstream of St
Mary’s sewage treatment plant.
The implications are that "gender bender" substances I.e.
reproductive endocrine disrupters (REDS) such as birth
control pills, antibiotics, industrial chemicals and agricultural
pesticides are present in our waterways and causing the effects.
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END OF MODULE 2
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