Transcript Document

1451 - 1620
Michael Kling Prd.3
Christopher Columbus
• Date: 1451-1506
• Set sail on behalf of Spain with 3 ships the Niña, the Pinta,
and his flagship, the Santa María
• Originally, he sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find
a water route to Asia
• Columbus was convinced that he had found the
waterway that he sought and that the Americas
were actually an extension of China
• Returned from his expedition with gold,
encouraging future exploration
Amerigo Vespucci
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Italian member of a Portuguese expedition
Explored South America
Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a "New World"
• After an account of Vespucci's 1497
expedition was published, a cartographer
mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led
the expedition and had landed in the New
World before Christopher Columbus; the
cartographer named the continent America
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Date: 1493
• Created a Papal Line of Demarcration,
which divided the New World: east of the
line for Portugal and west of its for Spain
• Later, the Papal Line affected colonization
in Africa and Asia
• New Spain
• Date: 1400s and 1500s
• Spain’s tightly controlled empire in the New
World
• To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards
developed a system of large manors
(encomiendas) using Native American slaves
under conquistadors
• With the death of Native American slaves,
Spaniards Begin importing African slaves to
supply their labor needs
• Mercantilism
• Date 1500s-1700s
• Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that
colonies existed to serve the mother country
• Founded on the belief that the world’s wealth was sharply
limited and, therefore, one nation’s gain was another
nation’s loss
• Each nation’s trade goal was to export more that it
imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference
would be made up in their possession of gold and silver,
which would make the nation strong both economically
and militarily
• Mercantilists believed economic activity should be
regulated by the government
• Queen Elizabeth I
• Date 1532-1603
• Protestant Successors to Queen Mary (England)
• Popular leader and the first woman to successfully
hold the throne
• Invested in English Raids on Spanish New World
colonies
• Brought on a war response from Spain in the form
of the Spanish Armada
• Established Protestantism in England and
encouraged English business
• The Spanish Armada
• Date: 1588
• Fleet assembled by King Phillip II of Spain to
invade England
• The Armada was defeated by the skill of British
military leaders and by rough seas during the
assault
• England’s victory over Spanish forces established
England as an emerging sea power
• Defeat helped bring about the decline of the
Spanish empire
• Types of Colonies in the New World
• In the charter colony, colonists were essentially
members of a corporation and, based on an
agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists
would control the government
• A royal colony had a governor selected by
England’s king; he would serve in the leadership
role and choose additional, lesser options
• Propriety Colonies were owned by an individual
with direct responsibility to the king; the
proprietor selected a governor, who served as the
authority figure for the property
• English Puritanism
• Date: 1500s and 1600s
• Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be
more in line with their ideology
• Puritans were Calvinist in their religious beliefs; they believed in
predestination and in the authority of scripture over papal authority
• Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate from papal authority
in favor of his own Church of England, many Roman Catholic
traditions and practices remained
• Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers because of their
Calvinist ideology; they sought to make the English Church “pure”
• Puritanism would echo throughout American culture in the ideas of
self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism
• Dutch West Indian Company
• Date: 1500s and 16002
• The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in
Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later
became New York
• Carried on profitable fur trade with the Native
American Iroquois
• Instituted the patroon system, in which large
estates were given to wealthy men who
transported at least fifty families to New
Amsterdam to tend the land; few took the
opportunity
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• Date: 1587
• Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English
settlement
• Returned to England to secure additional supplies; on his
return he found the colony deserted; it is not known what
became of the Roanoke settlers
• After the failed at Roanoke, Raleigh abandoned his
attempts to colonize Virginia
• Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with
Spain, English interest in American colonization was
submerged for fifteen years
• St Augustine, Florida
• Date: 1598
• French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to
freely practice their religion; they formed a colony; they
formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida
• Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the
Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they
were viewed as heretics by the Catholic church
• Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the
fort’s inhabitants
• The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to
be the first permanent European settlement in what would
become the United States
• Charter Colonies (Joint-Stock) and
“Starving Time”
• Date: 1600s
• Charter Colonies were associations that sought
trade, exploration, and colonization overseas
• Jamestown (1607) was the first charter colony
• “Starving Time” describes a period in the 1600s
during which many colonists died and others
considered returning to England
• Jamestown
• Date: Established 1607
• James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New
World
• In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled
Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement
• Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water
sources
• Despite location and hostile relations with Native
Americans, John Smith’s harsh, charismatic leadership of
the colony kept it from collapsing
• In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming
the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement
• Indenture System
• Date: 1600’s
• Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors
received immigration passage and fees in return
for a number of years of labor on behalf of a
planter or company
• Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily
and kept some legal rights
• However, servants had litte control over the
conditions of their work and living arrangements;
system led to harsh and brutal treatment
• John Rolfe
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Date: 1585-1622
English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia
Married Pocahontas
Created process for curing tobacco,
ensuring economic success for Jamestown
• House of Bugesses
• Date: 1916
• Representative assembly in Virginia
• Election to a seat was limited to voting members
of the carter colony, which was all free men; later
rules that required a man to own at least fifty acres
of land to vote
• First representative house in America
• Instituted private ownership of land; maintained
rights of colonists
• First Families of Virginia
• Date: 1600s
• Wealthy and socially prominent families in
Virginia who by 1776 had been in America
for four to five generations
• Included the Lees, Carters, and Fitzhughs
• Headright System
• Date: Introduced in 1618
• System used by the Virginia Company to
attract colonists; it promised them parcels of
land (roughly fifty acres) to emigrate to
America
• Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servent
that a colonist bought, allowing the wealthy
to obtain large tracts of land
• The Separatists and Plymouth
• Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was
beyond saving, and felt that they must separate from it
• One group of Separatists suffering government harassment fled to
Holland, then to America
• Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower, they became known
as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious
mission
• The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620
and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became
Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower
Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority
• William Bradford (1590-1657) served as Plymouth Colony’s first
governors