Transcript Being Middle-Eastern American: Identity Negotiation in the
Identities are answers to the questions “Who are you?” and “Who are they?” Identities are relational, contextual Identities form through social interaction Their content and meaning – the boundaries of identities – change over time 1
Identities consist of:
a boundary separating me from you or us from them a set of relations within the boundary a set of relations
across
the boundary a set of stories about the boundary and relations Tilly, 1999
Identities form through pairing - comparing, contrasting, & relating - social categories a social category consists of a set of sites that share a boundary distinguishing all of them and relating all of them to at least one set of sites visibly excluded by the boundary identities separate
us
from
them
, imply distinct relations among
us
, among
them
, and between
us
and
them
Tilly, 1999 3
Ch. 42: Being Middle-Eastern American: Identity Negotiation in the Context of the War on Terror Amir Marvasti
Stigma & management of spoiled identity objective: to show how Middle Eastern Americans manage the stigma of their “spoiled identities,” especially in the aftermath of September 11 th analytical method: combines symbolic interactionism (SI) and structuralism
SI
attends to how meanings and identities are constructed through everyday social interaction, while
structuralism
focuses on how micro-level interactions are conditioned by social structure - social context and history 5
Goffman on stigma
“When a stranger is present before us, evidence can arise of his possessing an attribute that makes him different from others…He is thus reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one. Such an attribute is stigma.” Stigma is variable social construct and not a fixed characteristic of a person 6
Identity disputes are occasions for eliciting and producing “accounts”
accounts
: encounters in which a person is called to explain unanticipated or untoward behavior—whether his/her own or that of others, and whether the cause of the statement arises from the actor himself or someone else accounts are conditioned by structural factors, social-historical context, e.g., political turmoil war 7
Media images shape social context
Middle Eastern Americans are suffering “ill-fame” (Goffman, 1963) perpetuated by the mass media their “public image . . . seems to be constituted from a small selection of facts which . . . are inflated into dramatic news worthy appearance, and then used as a full picture [of their identity],” e.g., racist stereotypes and fear of terrorism perpetuated by the media the stigma of being Middle Eastern American is not external to interactions but is constructed or rejected via interaction, accounts, & self-presentational strategies 8
Five forms of accounting strategies
humorous accounting educational accounting defiant accounting cowering passing 9
Humorous Accounting
uses humor as a diversion technique substance of account is incidental and is deliberately trivialized account-giver acknowledges demands of encounter while undermining legitimacy and urgency of request for an account 10
Educational Accounting
takes deliberate pedagogical form where account-giver assumes role of
educator,
informing & instructing account-taker combats stigma by correcting stereotypes unlike humorous accounting, educational accounting centers on the informational substance of the account 11
Defiant Accounting
like humorous accounting, account-giver exerts agency by challenging other’s right to request unlike humorous accounting, stigmatized make explicit demands for counter-explanations interaction explicitly focused on the fairness of the exchange 12
Cowering
in “defensive cowering” (Goffman) the stigmatized go along with stereotypical demands of setting
in order to avoid greater harm
artful practice and agency take backseat to external conditions stigmatized is virtually powerless in the face of rigid demands of the setting more about “saving body,” or one’s physical safety, than “saving face” 13
Passing goal is information control and concealment of stigmatizing attributes accomplished by manipulating one’s appearance, e.g., using
disindentifiers
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Trafficking Migration, and the Law: Protecting Innocents, Punishing Immigrants
Wendy Chapkis
Deviance and the law
law is a key means for the construction of deviance, especially those not white, not native born, and not sexually restrained by marriage new laws defining deviance and crime are often the product of a moral panic 16
Trafficking Victims Protection Act divides “violated innocents” from “illegal immigrants” relies on a repressive moral panic about sexual slavery created through slippery stats & definitions differentiates between innocent and guilty prostitutes, providing support only to former makes assistance, even to “deserving” victims contingent on willingness to assist in prosecution 17
“Right to Remain Silent” (audio)
For 17 months, New York police officer Adrian Schoolcraft recorded himself and his fellow officers on the job, including their supervisors ordering them to do all sorts of things that police aren't supposed to do. For example, downgrading real crimes into lesser ones, so they wouldn't show up in the crime statistics and make their precinct look bad. Adrian's story first appeared as a five part series in the
Village Voice
, written by Graham Rayman. Schoolcraft's website looking for other cops to come forward is here . (41 minutes) 18